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HOUSEHOID  SIIKIECTS 
B.RANDEEWSM, 


TKACKEKS 


LIPPINCOTT'S    UNIT    TEXTS 

EDITED  BY  BENJAMIN  R.  ANDREWS,  PH.D. 

ASSISTANT   PROFESSOR   OF   HOUSEHOLD   ECONOMICS,  TEACHERS   COLLEGE, 
COLUMBIA   UNIVERSITY 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

BY 

KATHARINE  F.  BALL.  M.A. 

UNIVERSITY   OF  MINNESOTA 
AND 

MIRIAM  E.  WEST,  M.A. 

GIBLS   VOCATIONAL  HIGH   SCHOOL,   MINNEAPOLIS 


LIPPINCOTT'S    UNIT   TEXTS 

EDITED  BY  BENJAMIN  R.  ANDREWS,  Pn.D. 

ASSISTANT   PROFESSOR  OP  HOUSEHOLD   ECONOMICS,   TEACHERS 
COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY 


HOUSEHOLD 
ARITHMETIC 


BY 

KATHARINE   F.  BALL,  M.A. 

VOCATIONAL  ADVISER  FOR  WOMEN,    UNIVERSITY  OF  MINNESOTA 
AND 

MIRIAM  E.  WEST,  M.A. 

TEACHES  OF  MATHEMATICS,    GIRLS   VOCATIONAL  HIGH   SCHOOL,   MINNEAPOLIS 


39  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PHILADELPHIA  &  LONDON 
J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 


"  5    -    ', 

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COPYRIGHT,    IQ20,  BY  J.   B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 

fcDUCATION  DEFT, 


Electrotyped  and  Printed  by  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company 
The  Washington  Square  Press,  Philadelphia,  U.  S.  A. 


PREFACE 

THERE  is  a  widespread  conviction  that  girls  need  more  training 
in  the  kind  of  mathematics  used  in  everyday  life  than  is  afforded  in 
the  traditional  courses.  The  complaint  is  made  that  girls  fail  to 
reason  correctly  when  confronted  by  practical  problems;  that  they 
lack  skill  and  foresight  in  transactions  involving  expenditures  of 
money ;  that  they  do  not  understand  how  to  make  approximations, 
how  to  interpret  graphs — in  a  word,  that  their  "  mathematics  does 
not  function.'' 

To  remedy  this  condition  involves  not  necessarily  more  training 
but  different  training,  as  well  as  a  reorganization  of  the  mathematics 
courses  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  students.  Since  one  of  the  most 
important  needs  of  girls  is  an  intelligent  understanding  of  home 
problems,  the  authors  have  used  the  subject  matter  of  home  eco- 
nomics for  their  contribution  to  the  reorganization  of  arithmetic 
courses,  The  same  methods  might  well  be  applied  to  subject  matter 
chosen  from  other  realms  of  experience,  and  the  authors  hope  to 
extend  their  work  into  other  fields  to  meet  other  needs. 

The  purposes  of  the  book  may  be  stated  as  follows : 

a.  To  enable  girls  to  understand  and  to  interpret  the  eco- 

nomic problems  in  their  own  homes. 

b.  To  develop  skill  in  the  computations  and  the  methods  of 

reasoning  involved  in  everyday  affairs  so  that  arithmetic 
may  become  a  tool  in  effective  living. 

c.  To  make  girls  readily  see  controlling  number  relations 

in  practical  situations. 

The  family  budget  forms  the  basis  for  the  organization  of  the 
subject  matter,  thus  emphasizing  the  economic  aspect  of  home- 
making.  The  material  falls  naturally  into  six  sections.  The  first 
section  is  devoted  to  a  study  of  the  principles'  of  budget-making  and 
methods  of  keeping  simple  accounts.  This  is  followed  by  a  study  of 
each  of  the  five  commonly  accepted  family  budget  divisions,  viz.: 


6  PREFACE 

food,  shelter*  clothing,  operation,  and  higher  life.  These  sections 
are  independent  of  each  other,  and  may  be  studied  in  any  order  that 
commends  itself  to  the  teacher  who  wishes  to  adapt  the  course  to  the 
special  interests  of  any  given  group  of  girls  or  to  correlate  the  work 
with  other  courses  in  the  curriculum. 

The  problems  included  in  each  section  have  been  selected  in 
accordance  with  the  following  criteria : 

a.  The  subject  matter  of  the  problems  should  be  within  the 

actual  or  potential  experience  of  girls. 

b.  The  problems  should  be  of  relatively  frequent  occurrence 

in  everyday  life,  of  relatively  permanent  significance, 
and  of  relatively  wide  or  general  applicability. 

c.  The   arithmetical   solution  should  also  be  the  practical 

solution. 

d.  The  technicalities  or  complexities  of  the  subject  jnatter 

should  not  be  so  great  or  so  difficult  as  to  obscure  the 
arithmetical  principles  involved. 

The  book  is  intended  for  use  in  the  regular  arithmetic  classes  in 
the  upper  grades,  in  junior  and  senior  high  schools,  in  night  schools, 
and  technical  classes,  and  in  connection  with  courses  in  sewing, 
cooking,  and  home  management  such  as  are  found  in  technical 
schools  and  in  vocational  schools  organized  under  the  Smith- 
Hughes  Law,  in  which  emphasis  is  placed  upon  the  use  of  arith- 
metic in  practical  situations. 

It  has  been  assumed  that  the  girls  who  will  use  the  book  have 
had  preliminary  training  in  the  fundamental  processes  of  arithmetic 
equivalent  to  that  given  in  the  first  six  or  seven  years  of  school. 
Previous  school  training  in  home  economics,  while  desirable,  is  not 
an  essential  for  students  who  have  had  some  experience  in  their  own 
homes  in  sewing,  cooking,  and  marketing. 

The  major  part  of  the  book  has  been  tested  by  class  use  in  the 
eighth  and  ninth  grades  of  the  Girls'  Vocational  High  School  of 
Minneapolis  and  in  the  High  School  of  Plainfield,  N.  J.  The  results 
of  five  years  of  experience  seem  to  indicate  that  this  method 
of  organizing  and  presenting  the  subject  matter  has  the  follow- 
ing advantages : 

a.  It  capitalizes   the   experience   of  girls   and   furnishes   a 
reasonable  motive  for  the  study  of  arithmetic. 


PREFACE  7 

b.  It  develops  skill  and  accuracy  in  the  fundamental  opera- 

tions of  arithmetic  through  repetition  of  these  processes 
in  their  application  to  the  various  phases  of  home  life. 

c.  It  develops  skill  in  the  application  of  arithmetic  to  the 

problems  of  cooking,  sewing  and  home  management. 

Generous  assistance  has  come  to  the  authors  from  so  many 
sources  that  lack  of  space  forbids  specific  mention  of  a  large  number. 
But  grateful  acknowledgment  must  be  made  especially  to  Dr.  Henry 
M.  Maxson,  Superintendent  of  Schools  of  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  and 
Mr.  Lindsey  Best,  Principal,  for  the  opportunity  to  develop  the 
course  in  the  Plainfield  High  School;  the  late  Professor  Helen 
Kinne  of  Teachers  College  for  her  unfailing  faith  in  the  experiment; 
Professor  David  Snedden,  Professor  Frederick  G.  Bonser,  and 
Professor  William  H.  Kilpatrick  of  Teachers  College  for  invaluable 
criticisms  and  suggestions;  Professor  Cleo  Murtland  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  and  Miss  Laura  I.  Baldt  of  Teachers  College, 
for  reading  the  manuscript  of  the  section  on  clothing;  Professor 
Mary  Swartz  Eose  of  Teachers  College  for  reading  the  section  on 
foods>;  Professor  Alice  Biester  and  Miss  Ethel  L.  Phelps  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  not  only  for  reading  the  entire  manuscript, 
but  also  for  arranging  all  the  materials  for  the  photographs. 

THE  AUTHORS. 
JANUARY,  1920. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 4 13 

The  Family  Budget 13 

Annual  Income ,  13 

Budget  Divisions 14 

Budget  Making ,  19 

Incomes  in  the  United  States 22 

Economy  in  Purchasing 26 

Household  Accounts •. 30 

Annual  Summary 36 

Personal  Accounts 39 

SHELTER 45 

Cost  of  Shelter 45 

Taxes .  46 

Fire  Insurance 48 

Expense  of  Owning  a  Home 49 

Drawings  for  Repair  Work 50 

Repairs ,....,  52 

Painting 54 

Flooring 54 

Papering 56 

OPERATION 61 

Household  Linens,  Bedding,  and  Curtains 63 

Floor  Coverings 72 

Gas  and  Electricity 75 

Household  Service 82 

CLOTHING 89 

Personal  and  Family  Budgets  for  Clothing 89 

Economy  in  Shopping 92 

Home  Dressmaking 93 

Amount  of  Material  for  Garments 96 

Trimming  for  Garments 102 

Buying  and  Making  Clothes 115 

FOOD 119 

Measuring  Food  Materials 119 

Household  Weights  and  Measures 119 

Marketing 122 

Dietary  Principles 124 

9 


10  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Food  as  Fuel  and  Tissue-Building  Material 130 

Relative  Cost  of  Foods  as  Sources  of  Fuel 139 

100-Calorie  Portion 144 

Dietaries 146 

Economy  in  Planning  Meals 160 

Minerals  in  Food  Materials 162 

Chemical  Composition  of  Foodstuffs 166 

Determination  of  the  Fuel  Value  of  Foods 167 

Fuel  Value  of  Recipes,  Menus,  and  Dietaries 170 

Table  A.  Average  Composition  of  Common  American  Food  Products  175 

Table  B.  100-Calorie  Portions  of  Common  Foods 179 

Table  C.  Price  List 184 

Table  D.  Weight  of  Common  Measures  of  Food  Materials 188 

Table  E.  Tables  of  Weights  and  Measures 189 

HIGHER  LIFE 193 

Budgets  of  Expenditures  for  Higher  Life 193 

Saving  and  Investment 196 

Postal  Savings  Deposits 199 

Savings  Bank  Accounts 200 

Building  and  Loan  Associations 203 

Stocks 206 

Bonds 209 

Life  Insurance 212 

Annuities ; 218 

Buying  a  Home 219 

Borrowing  Money  on  Notes 228 

Health 230 

Health  Insurance 234 

Beneficence 235 

Education .• 237 

Recreation 241 

APPENDIX 253 

Supplementary  Work  in  Equations  and  Proportion 253 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 261 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 

THE  FAMILY  BUDGET 

THE  family  budget  is  a  statement  of  the  probable  income  and 
of  the  proposed  expenditures  for  a  definite  period  of  time.  The 
amounts  may.be  estimated  by  the  week,  or  month,  or  year.  The 
budget  is  made  by  determining  beforehand  the  probable  income,  the 
probable  needs  of  the  family,  and  the  way  in  which  the  income  is 
to  be  divided  to  meet  those  needs.  The  budget  has  been  called  the 
family  compass.  Only  by  following  as  closely  as  possible  the  course 
laid  down  in  the  budget,  can  the  family  be  reasonably  certain  of 
attaining  its  desired  goal. 

ANNUAL  INCOME 

Successful  budget-making  must  be  based  upon  an  accurate,  esti- 
mate of  the  family  income.  If  a  man  is  employed  by  the  year  his 
income  is  more  or  less  fixed;  if  he  depends  upon  the  day's  wages 
his  income  will  depend  upon  whether  or  not  he  is  continuously 
employed ;  if  he  is  a  farmer  his  income  depends  upon  success  with 
his  crops ;  if  he  is  a  doctor  or  lawyer  his  income  varies  from  month 
to  month  according  to  the  number  of  his  patients  or  clients. 

EXERCISE  I 

1.  Mary  Brown  worked  for  4  months  in  a  millinery  shop  at  $13 
a  week.    She  was  laid  off  during  the  slack  season,  and  after  7  weeks 
secured  work  as  a  salesgirl  at  $12  a  week.     Illness  kept  her  away 
for  3  weeks.     She  spent  2  more  weeks  seeking  work  and  finally 
secured  a  position  in  a  millinery  shop  at  $12.50  a  week  where  she 
remained  until  the  end  of  the  year.    What  was  her  income  for  the 
year  ?    Her  average  weekly  wage  ? 

2.  In  trades  where  there  is  a  slack  season  the  hands  may  be 

13 


14  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

laid  off  when  the  work  is  light.  A  man  works  9  months  and  is  laid 
off  for  3  months  during  the  winter.  If  he  receives  $4.50  per 
day  while  at  work,  what  is  his  annual  income  ?  His  average  daily 
wage  ?  (Estimate  26  days  to  the  month.) 

3.  Which  is  the  better  job  for  a  girl  to  take,  one  that  pays  $18  a 
week,  with  two  slack  seasons  of  6  weeks  each  when  she  will  probably 
be  laid  off,  or  a  steady  job  that  pays  $14  a  week?     If  she  takes 
the  first,  how  much  should  she  set  aside  each  week  to  provide  for 
the  periods  of  unemployment? 

4.  A  public  school  teacher  receives  $85  a  month  for  10  months. 
What  is  her  annual  income  ?    Her  average  monthly  income  ? 

5.  What  is  the  total  annual  income  of  a  lawyer  who  clears  $2375 
in  his  practice  and  who  receives  interest  from  $4000  invested  in 
bonds  at  5  per  cent.  ?    What  is  his  average  monthly  income  ? 

6.  Mrs.  Lewis  found  upon  going,  over  the  accounts  that  the 
profits  from  the  farm  for  the  past  five  years  had  been  as  follows : 
$2100,  $1800,  $1500,  $1600,  $2000.    What  was  the  average  yearly 
income?     What  would  you  advise  Mrs.  Lewis  to  use  as  the  basis 
for  her  budget?    Why? 

BUDGET  DIVISIONS 

A  budget,  properly  speaking,  is  an  estimated  division  of  the 
income  into  proposed  expenditures  for  various  purposes.  The  term 
is  also  used  to  signify  the  actual  division  of  the  expenditures  for  a 
year.  The  two  kinds  of  budgets  are  sometimes  distinguished  by 
the  terms  "  actual  budget "  and  "  theoretical  budget." 

Actual  budgets  are  an  aid  in  making  theoretical  budgets.  The 
experience  of  others  serves  to  show  the  possibilities  and  limitations 
of  an  income,  but  cannot  be  an  infallible  guide.  In  each  family 
there  are  special  needs  to  be  met  and  special  difficulties  to  be 
overcome. 

In  studying  budgets,  allowance  must  be  made  for  the  fact  that 
most  of  the  budget  data  available  were  compiled  previous  to  the 
Great  War,  when  prices  were  lower. 

In  budget  making,  the  nature  of  the  expenditures  to  be  included 
in  each  division  should  be  carefully  determined,  and  the  expendi- 
tures grouped  under  the  proper  heading.  General  directions  regard- 
ing the  items  to  be  included  in  each  group  are  as  follows : 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


15 


I.  Food :  All  articles  of  food. 

II.  Shelter:  Rent,  taxes,  insurance,  repairs,  interest  on  mort- 
gage, car-fare  to  and  from  work. 

III.  Clothing:  All  articles  of  clothing,  including  underwear, 
dresses,  suits,  shoes,  hats,  etc. ;  materials  for  making  such  articles ; 
cost  of  making  and  repairing  them. 

IV.  Operation:  Fuel  for  heat  and  light,  household  supplies, 
refurnishing,  repairs,  service    (including  laundry  and  expense  of 
barber,  etc.),   telephone,   express,  and  all  other  items  connected 
with  running  the  home  plant. 

V.  Advancement  or  Higher  Life:  Church,  benevolence,  insur- 
ance, savings,  travel,  books,  recreation,  health,  entertainment,  edu- 
cation, postage,  telegrams,  the  pleasures  which  make  for  social 
advancement,  and  other  things  not  necessary  to  the  maintenance 
of  the  merely  physical  efficiency  of  the  family. 

EXERCISE  II 

The  per  cent,  of  the  income  spent  for  each  division  of  the  budget 
is  found  by  dividing  the  actual  amount  of  money  spent  for  items 
in  that  division  by  the  total  amount  of  the  income. 

Problem. — Find  the  per  cent,  of  the  income  spent  on  each  division  of 
the  budget  if  the  total  income  of  $1200  was  spent  as  follows:  Food,  $414; 
shelter,  $240;  clothing,  $208;  operation,  $158;  advancement,  $180. 

Thus:  $4 14  -f- $  1200  =.345,  or  34.5  per  cent.,  for  food. 
$240  -^  $1200  =  .20,  or  20  per  cent.,  for  shelter* 

1.  The  following  are  actual  budgets  of  families  in  different 
parts  of  the  United  States.  Find  in  each  case  the  per  cent,  of  the 
income  spent  for  each  of  the  five  divisions  of  the  budget,  and 
tabulate  the  results.  Include  incidentals  under  advancement. 

ACTUAL  FAMILY  BUDGETS  a 


In- 

come 

Occupation 

Food 

Shelter 

Clothing 

Operation 

Advance- 
ment 

In- 
cidentals 

1.       $673 

Business  man  . 

$274 

$105 

$90 

$62 

$111 

$31 

2.       1007 

Mechanic  

361 

168 

134 

66 

237 

41 

3.       1400 

Capitalist.  .  .  . 

456 

345 

100 

291 

25 

183 

4.       1500 

Geologist  .... 

220 

270 

160 

260 

550 

40 

5.       1800 

High  School 

Teacher  .... 

216 

360 

225 

209 

740 

50 

xAdapted  from  Bru£re,  Increasing  Home  Efficiency.  Used  toy  permission 
of  and  special  arrangement  with  the  Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 


Id  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Group  the  following  items  of  expenditure  in  the  proper  budget 
divisions  (following  the  grouping  on  page  15)  ;  find  the  per  cent, 
of  the  income  spent  on  each  division,  and  tabulate  the  results.2 

2.    Income .   $870.00 

Expenditures : 

Rent 156,00 

Food  at  $8.50  a  week 442.00 

Clothing ].. 69.80 

Light  and  fuel 57.20 

Recreation 5.00 

Insurance 58.24 

Papers 5.72 

Car-fares 2.00 

Doctor  and  medicine  11.50 

Man,  spending-money    18.20 

Stove  $14,  and  housefurnishings  $10 24.00 

Church 8.00 

Sundries     (soap    and    washing    materials, 

etc.) 12.34 

3.  Income     1512.00 

Expenditures : 

Rent,  $28  a  month 336.00 

Food  for  5,  $9  a  week 468.00 

Clothing  for  4 ; 85.0Q 

Drink 52.00 

Light  and  fuel  49.00 

Recreation 25.00 

Insurance 26.00 

Papers  and  magazines 7.72 

Doctor  and  medicine  10.00 

Church    13.00 

Spending-money    ( man )    83.20 

Washerwoman,  $1  a  week 52.00 

Sundries 5.08 

Savings    300.00 

4.  Farm:    150  acres.     Income  $1869.58.     Family:  Father,  mot.ier, 

Margaret.     Two  hired  men  and  a  maid  in  summer — none 
in  winter. 
Expenditures : 

Groceries    $81.60 

Meat   10.09 

Medical  aid  26.70 

Church    ; 15.79 

Hired  men •  •  280.00 

Hired  girl 41.52 

2  Data  for  examples  1  and  2  have  been  adapted  from  More's  Wage- 
Earners'  Budgets,  Henry  Holt  and  Company;  for  examples  3  and  4  from 
Bru£re's  Increasing  Home  Efficiency — used  by  permission  of  and  special 
arrangement  with  the  Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS  17 

Clothes: 

Father    $36.60 

Mother .  ; 67.40 

Margaret  (age  2  years) 26.95 

Refurnishing    79.29 

Amusements 19.80 

Insurance : 

Fire 33.80 

Life   95.00 

Running  expenses  . .  . . 123.50 

Taxes 48.00 

Magazines  and  papers 24.00 

Books 22.00 

Postage  and  express 19.80 

Vacation  trip 113.25 

Club  dues 20.00  , 

Charity  25.00 

Christmas  gifts    45.00 

Margaret's  bank  account   25.00 

Improvements  to  place  16.80 

Coal 120.00 

Miscellaneous 49.98 

Savings 402.71 

5.     Annual  income,  $1300.     Family:  a  clerk,  his  wife,  and  an  infant. 
Monthly  expenditures  as  follows: 

Rent $25.00 

Light 4.00 

Heat 7.00 

Water 83 

Groceries    9.00 

Meat,  eggs  8.00 

Vegetables    5.00 

Milk 6.50 

Bread 2.50 

Dessert    2.00 

Laundry    6.00 

Doctor,  medicine 2.00 

Clothes,  shoes,  etc 5.00 

Replacement  of  furniture 2.00 

Building  Loan 5.00 

Health — Accident  Insurance    2.50 

Life  Insurance    9.00 

Lodge  Insurance .86 

Magazines    .40 

Newspapers .48 

Recreation    2.50 

Church 1.00 

Travel   1.00 

Incidentals 1.00 


18  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

EXERCISE  III 

In  making  budgets  it  is  useful  to  know  how  much  others  in  a 
similar  occupation  or  with  a  similar  income  have  spent  on  the 
different  items  of  the  budget. 

Find  the  per  cent,  of  the  income  spent  for  health  by  wage- 
earning  women  whose  average  incomes  and  expenditures  are  as 
follows  3 : 

Expenditures 
Occupation  Average  income  for  health 

1.  Professional $695  $26 

2.  Clerical 499  12 

3.  Sales 357  19 

4.  Factory 382  24 

5.  Waitress 364  11 

6.  Kitchen  workers 342  8 

7.  From  the  above  averages,  how  much  should  a  salesgirl  earning 
$7  per  week  allow  for  health  for  a  year  ?    How  much  per  week  ? 

Find  the  per  cent,  of  the  income  invested  in  savings  and  insur- 
ance in  each  of  the  following  individual  cases  4 : 

Expenditure  for  say- 
Occupation  Income  ings  and  insurance 

8.  Teacher $1220  $465 

9.  Geologist 1500  256 

10.  Teacher    1700  300 

11.  Shop  manager 2400  537 

12.  A  teacher  receives  a  salary  of  $130  per  month  for  10  months. 
How  much  should  he  set  aside  for  savings  and  insurance  during 
the  year,  if  he  saves  at  the  same  rate  as  the  teacher  in  example  8? 

13.  Find  how  much  rent  your  family  is  paying  for  your  home, 
or,  if  the  house  is  owned,  what  it  would  cost  to  rent  a  similar  house 
in  your  community.     What  per  cent,  is  this  amount  of  the  total 
family  income? 

3 "The  Living  Wage  of  Women  Workers."  Women's  Educational  and 
Industrial  Union.  Studies  in  Economic  Relations  of  Women,  vol.  iii,  p.  78. 

4Bru§re,  Increasing  Home  Efficiency.  Used  by  permission  of  and 
arrangement  with  the  Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


19 


BUDGET  MAKING 

Budgets  prepared  from  the  average  expenditures  of  many  fami- 
lies may  be  used  as  aids  in  planning  how  to  live  on  a  specified 
income.  The  following  tables  have  been  chosen  as  typical  of  the  kind 
of  budgets  that  are  available  for  this  purpose.  They  are  intended 
to  serve  as  suggestions,  not  as  fixed  standards.  The  record  of  past 
expenditures,  if  it  is  available,  is  the  best  guide  in  making  a  family 
budget. 

The  following  suggested  budgets  by  Mrs.  Ellen  H.  Eichards 
are  based  upon  a  study  of  family  budgets  and  the  cost  of  living 
for  the  typical  American  family  of  2  adults  and  3  children  (equiva- 
lent to  4  adults).5  While  these  budgets  were  made  in  1900,  they 
are  still  significant. 

TABLE  I. 


I 

'ercentage  fo 

r  ' 

Food 

Rent 

Operation 

Clothes 

Higher  life 

Two  adults  and  two  or 
three  children  (equal 
to  four  adults)  : 
Ideal  division  
$2000  to  $4000.... 
$800  to  $1000.... 
$500  to    $800.... 
Under  $500  

25 
25 
30 
45 
60 

20± 
20  ± 
20 
15 
15 

15  ± 
15± 
10 
10 
5 

15± 
20± 
15 
10 

10 

25 

20 
25 
20 
10 

The  following  table  is  based  on  the  results  of  studies  of  family 
budgets  made  by  Ellen  H.  Richards,  Robert  Coit  Chapin,  and 
Martha  Bensley  Bruere  and  Robert  W.  Bruere,  modified  to  reflect 
the  recent  advance  in  the  cost  of  living. 

TABLE  II. 

The  Division  of  the  Family  Income  by  Percentages  for  Families  A  veraging  Two 
Adults  and  Two  Children. 


Yearly  income 

Food 

Rent 

Clothing 

Operating 
expenses 

Advance- 
ment 

$1000  to  $1500 

35% 

20% 

13% 

16% 

16% 

1500  to    2500.       .      . 

28^ 

20% 

13% 

19% 

20% 

2500  to    3500  
3.500  to    5000  

24% 
20% 

16% 
15% 

14% 
16% 

21% 
18% 

25% 
31% 

B  Richards'  Cost  of  Living,  p.  37 


20  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

EXEKCISE    IV 

Find  the  amount  to  be  allowed  for  each  division  of  the  budget, 
according  to  standards  given  in  Richards'  table,  and  tabulate  the 
results  for  the  following  incomes : 

1.  Income,  $489. 

2.  Income,  $850. 

3.  Income,  $625. 

4.  Income,  $1250.     (Use  Richards'  ideal  division.) 

5.  Mr.  H.  worked  52  weeks  at  $14  a  week,  received  $50  for 
extra  work.     A  son  13  years  old  worked  46  weeks  at  $2  a  week. 
Estimate  the  family  budget. 

6.  A  family  own  their  own  home  which  is  valued  at  $2000,  they 
raise  vegetables  to  the  amount  of  $120,  and  in  addition  to  this, 
they  have  an  income  of  $700.    They  pay  $80  for  taxes,  insurance, 
and  repairs.    If  property  in  this  locality  rents  for  10  per  cent,  of  its 
value,  allowing  for  repairs,  taxes,  etc.,  how  much  gross  income  does 
the  house  theoretically  add  to  the  family  income  ?    How  much  net 
income  ?    Estimate  the  family  budget. 

7.  The  Wentworths  own  a  house  valued  at  $12,000.    Mr.  Went- 
worth's  income  from  other  sources  has  been  reduced  from  $6000 
to  $1200.    Estimating  that  the  property  could  be  rented  for  8  per 
cent,  of  its  value,  and  allowing  3.5  per  cent,  for  taxes,  repairs,  etc., 
how  much,  net,  does  the  property  add  to  his  income  ?    Make1  out  a 
theoretical  budget  for  the  family.    How  would  you  suggest  that  the 
Wentworths  modify  their  plan  of  living  to  conform  to  the  standards  ? 

Find  the  amount  of  money  to  be  allowed  for  each  division  of 
the  budget  for  the  following  incomes,  using  the  percentages  given  in 
Table  II,  page  19 : 

8.  $1275. 

9.  $4550. 

10.  $2100. 

11.  A  teacher  has  a  salary  of  $1200,  his  wife  gives  music  lessons 
for  four  hours  a  week  at  $1  an  hour.     Make  out  a  year's  budget 
for  the  family. 

12.  Make  out  a  budget  for  a  family  whose  income  is  derived 
from  the  following  sources :  (a)  House  valued  at  $3000  (property 
in  the  vicinity  rents  for  10  per  cent,  of  its  value,  including  allow- 
ance of  4  per  cent,  for  repairs,  taxes,  and  other  outgoes) .    (&)   Man's 
salary,  $1100.      (c)   Wife's  income  from  magazine  articles,  $180. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS  21 

EXERCISE  V 

In  each  of  the  following  problems,  state  the  authority  on  which 
you  base  your  estimates  : 

1.  A  mechanic  earning  $25  a  week  wishes  to  rent  a  house  in  this 
community.    He  has  a  wife  and  3  children.    How  much  rent  would 
you  advise  him  to  pay?    What  kind  of  house  can  he  get  for  that 
amount?     Select  a  house  and,  if  possible,  inspect  it  and  report 
regarding  condition,  number  of  rooms,  location,  and  improvements. 

2.  A  salesman  whose  salary  is  $125  per  month  wishes  to  rent  a 
house  in  or  near  this  community.    How  much  can  he  afford  to  pay  ? 
Can  you  recommend  a  house  that  would  be  suitable  ? 

3.  Investigate  the  kind  of  shelter  that  can  be  obtained  in  this 
community  for  a  monthly  rent  of  from  $10  to  $30.     Tabulate  the 
results  with  regard  to  condition,  number  of  rooms,  heat,  light, 
water,  sanitary  conditions. 

4.  How  much   can   a   salesgirl   whose   weekly   wages   are   $12 
afford  to  pay  for  board  and  lodging  ?    Where  can  she  find  board  and 
lodging  at  that  price  in  this  community  ?    Make  a  monthly  budget 
for  this  girl. 

5.  Make  out  a  budget  for  a  stenographer  whose  wages  are  $15 
a  week.    Include  board  and  lodging. 

6.  Find  how  much  is  allowed  per  person  per  day  in  each  of  the 
budgets  in  Richards'  table. 

7.  The  Life  Extension  Institute  in  1917  prepared  adequate  meals 
for  12  policemen  for  3  weeks  at  a  cost  of  25  cents  per  person  per  day 
for  food.    If  meals  for  a  family  of  4  were  prepared  on  this  basis, 
what   would   be   the    cost   per   week  ?     Per   year  ?     According   to 
Richards'  table,  what  would  be  the  minimum  annual  income  with 
such  a  food  expenditure  ? 

8.  In  Chicago  a  similar  experiment  was  carried  on  at  a  daily 
cost  of  $.45  for  food.     On  this  basis,  what  would  be  the  annual 
minimum  income? 

9.  If  summarized  household  accounts  for  your  family  for  the 
past  year  are  available,  find  the  per  cent,  of  the  income  spent  on 
each  division  of  the  budget  in  your  home. 

10.  If  you  have  an  allowance,  make  out  a  list  of  all  the  items 
for  which  you  have  spent  your  money  during  the  last  two  months, 


22  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

and  from  this  make  a  budget.     Choose  your  own  budget  headings, 
and  tabulate  the  results. 

11.  Make  out  an  itemized  list  of  all  the  money  that  your  family 
has  spent  for  your  clothes,  car  fare,  education,  amusement,  and 
health,  during  the  past  year.     Tabulate  these  expenditures  accord- 
ing to  such  budget  headings  as  you  may  choose,  and  estimate  the 
allowance  you  would  need  if  you  were  allowed  to  pay  all  your 
personal  expenses. 

12.  In  a  similar  way  estimate  your  budget  for  a  year  in  college  or 
normal  school,  including  fees,  travelling  expenses,  board,  and  books. 

INCOMES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

The  problem  of  providing  for  the  needs  of  a  family  on  a  small 
income  is  one  that  is  common  to  the  majority  of  families  in  the 
United  States.  This  fact  is  shown  by  the  figures  in  the  following 
tables.  Although  they  are  based  on  data  gathered  before  the  increase 
in  wages  due  to  the  Great  War,  nevertheless  since  the  cost  of  living 
also  increased,  the  fact  still  remains  that  a  large  per  cent,  of  the  fami- 
lies of  the  United  States  subsist  on  relatively  small  incomes. 

EXEKCISE  VI 

1.  If  there  are  approximately  27,945,000  families  in  the  United 
States,  find  the  total  number  of  families  in  each  income  group 
according  to  the  following  table : 

THE  ESTIMATED  PERCENTAGE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  LNCOME  IN  THE  CONTINENTAL 
UNITED  STATES  IN  1910 6 

Percentage  of  families 
Family  income  having  given  incomes 

Under  $700    38.92 

700  to  1,199    42.77 

1,200  to  1,499    8.62 

1,500  to  1,999    4.55 

2,000  to  3,999    3.53 

4,000  to  9,999 1.15 

10,000  to  9,999    .40 

50,000  to     1,999,999 0598 

2,000,000  to  50,000,000 0002 

8  Adapted  from  King's  The  Wealth  <wd  Income  of  the  People  of  the 
United  States.  Used  by  permission  of  and  special  arrangement  with  the 
Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS  23 

2.  Find  the  total  number  of  incomes  that  paid  income  taxes 
according  to  the  following  table: 

TABLE  OF  INCOMES  ON  WHICH  TAXES  WERE  PAID  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

IN  1914. 
(Compiled  from  reports  of  income  taxes). 

Number  of  incomes 

Annual  income  in  each  class 

Exceeding  $500,000  174 

$100,000  to  $500,000  2,174 

20,000  to     100,000  28,509 

10,000  to       20,000  49,931 

5,000  to       10,000 127,448 

3,000  to         5,000 149,279 

3.  Find  the  per  cent,  of  incomes  in  the  above  table  exceeding 
$500,000. 

4.  Find  the  per  cent,  of  incomes  in  each  of  the  other  income 
groups. 

5.  If  it  is  assumed  that  each  of  the  incomes  in  the  above  table 
represents  the  income  of  a  family,  and  if,  as  has  been  estimated, 
there  were  approximately  27,945,000  families  in  the  United  States, 
how  many  family  incomes  were  below  $3000  ? 

GKAPHIC   REPRESENTATION   OF   INCOMES 

Some  facts  in  regard  to  incomes  can  be  made  clearer  by  means 
of  charts.  This  method  of  using  pictures  to  represent  numbers 
has  the  advantage  of  making  the  relative  size  of  numbers  apparent 
at  a  glance.  It  is  a  method  commonly  used  for  the  purpose  of 
calling  attention  to  facts  that  might  escape  observation  if  stated 
numerically. 

Thus  the  relative  size  of  two  numbers  such  as  3  and  5  can  be 
represented  by  two  lines  3  inches  and  5  inches  in  length,  respec- 
tively. In  that  case  the  inch  is  used  as  a  unit.  Using  14  inch  as 
a  unit,  the  numbers  could  be  represented  by  lines  %  inch  and  l1/^ 
inches  in  length.  If  larger  numbers  are  to  be  represented,  it  is 
convenient  to  use  a  smaller  unit  of  measure. 

For  this  graphic  work  it  is  convenient  to  use  paper  ruled  in 
squares,  variously  called  quadrille,  or  cross  section,  or  graph  paper. 
The  use  of  graph  paper  simplifies  the  task  of  measuring  the  length 
of  lines  since  it  is  simply  necessary  to  count  the  required  number 
of  squares. 


24  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

EXERCISE  VII 

Problem.— Represent    graphically   the   facts    stated   in   the    following 
table : 

ESTIMATED  DIVISION  OF  INCOME  AMONG  THE  FAMILIES  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES  IN  19107 

~      .,    T  Number  of  Families  Receiv- 

Family  Income  ing  the  Stated  Income 

Under  $600 7,000,000 

$600   to   $1,000  12,000,000 

1,000  to     1,200  3,000  000 

1,200  to     1,400  2,000,000 

1,400  to     2,000  2,000,000 

2,000  to  10,000  1,000,000 


Under  $600 
$600  to  $1,000 
1,000  to  1,200 
1,200  to  1,400 
1,400  to  2,000 
2,000  to  10,000 

One-quarter  of  an  inch,  or  one  unit  in  the  above  chart,  represents  1,000,- 
000,  and  a  line  1%  of  an  inch,  or  7  units  in  length,  represents  7,000,000. 

1.  Draw  a  line  in  the  above  chart  to  indicate  5,000,000  families ; 
4,000,000  families. 

2.  Represent  graphically  the  facts  in  the  following  table : 

ESTIMATED  PER  CAPITA  INCOME  OF  THE  PEOPLE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.T 

Census  year  Per  capita  income 

1870    $170 

1880 150 

1890 190  1 

1900 240 

1910   330 

3.  Show  by  means  of  a  chart  the  following  facts  in  regard  to 
the  average  prices  per  week  of  labor  in  the  various  industries  com- 
pared for  1894  and  1911.7 

Prices  of  labor  in  dollars  p  er  week                             1 894  1911 

All  industries,  men  $8  $11 

Manufacturing,  women    5  7 

Manufacturing,  men 9  13 

Railroading 10  13 

Mining     11  13 

Agriculture 5  7 

7  Adapted  from  King's  The  Wealth  and  Income  of  the  People  of  the 
United  States.  Used  by  permission  of  and  special  arrangement  with  the 
Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


25 


EXEKCISE   VIII 


The  relative  change  in  per  capita  incomes  in  the  United  States 
during  a  stated  period  of  time  is  shown  graphically  in  Fig.  1. 

In  this  chart  two  varying  quantities  are  represented,  time  and 
the  average  amount  of  per  capita  income.  Hence  the  chart  may  be 
called  a  graph  of  two  variables.  The  value  of  each  of  the  two 


#300 


Y 


$200 

A 


/670  1660  /090  /9OO 

FIG.   1 . — Estimated  per  capita  income  of  the  people  of  the  U.  S. 


I91O 


variables  is  measured  with  reference  to  two  straight  lines  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  called  axes  of  reference. 

The  line  OX  is  the  horizontal  axis,  and  the  line  OF  is  the 
vertical  axis.  Each  unit  measured  to  the  right  of  OY  represents 
10  years ;  each  unit  measured  above  OX  represents  $100.  Thus  point 
A  which  is  on  OY  represents  the  year  1870.  Point  A  is  also  1.7 
units  above  OX  and  hence  represents  $170.  That  is,  $170  was  the 
per  capita  income  in  the  United  States  in  the  year  1870. 


26  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

1.  From  the  chart  estimate  the  average  per  capita  income  in  the 
United  States  in  1880,  in  1890,  in  1900. 

2.  If  the  changes  in  the  per  capita  income  occurred  gradually, 
as  indicated  by  the  line  on  the  chart,  estimate  from  the  chart  the 
per  capita  income  in  1885,  1888,  1895,  1899,  1905. 

3.  According  to  the  chart,  when  was  the  per  capita  income  in  the 
United  States  approximately  $190  ?    $200  ?    $300  ? 

4.  If  the  total  income  (i.e.,  the  sum  of  all  the  family  incomes) 
of  a  country  were  divided  equally  among  the  families  in  that  country, 
10  per  cent,  of  the  families  would  receive  10  per  cent,  of  the  income. 
20  per  cent,  of  the  families  would  receive  20  per  cent,  of  the  income, 
etc.     Make  a  chart  using  two  variables  to  illustrate  such  a  theo- 
retical division. 

Directions. — Measure  the  per  cent,  of  the  families  to  the  right 
of  the  vertical  axis  and  measure  the  per  cent,  of  the  income  above 
the  horizontal  axis. 

5.  The  following  table  shows  in  a  general  way  the  distribution  of 
incomes  in  the  United  States.     Illustrate  by  means  of  a  graph  drawn 
on  the  same  chart  as  example  4. 

ESTIMATED  PERCENTAGE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  INCOMES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

IN  1910 8 
Percentage  of 

families,  beginning  Percentage  of  total 

with  the  poorest  income  received 

7 2 

.26 11 

39 19 

51  27 

61  35 

75 49 

86 59 

98 80 

100 100 

ECONOMY  IN  PURCHASING 

Thrift  and  economy  depend  in  part  upon  skill  in  buying  reliable 
goods  at  reasonable  prices.  Special  prices  may  sometimes  be  secured 
through  purchasing  in  large  quantities,  through  securing  a  discount 

•Adapted  from  King's  The  Wealth  and  Income  of  the  People  of  the 
United  Sta,tes.  Used  by  permission  of  and  special  arrangement  with  the 
Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS  27 

by  paying  cash,  and  through  purchasing  at  a  favorable  season. 
Small  reductions  in  prices  which  considered  alone  might  seem  insig- 
nificant, result  in  an  appreciable  lowering  of  the  expenditures  if 
they  apply  to  a  large  number  of  purchases. 

When  a  reduction  is  secured  in  the  price  of  an  article,  the 
relation  between  the  amount  of  money  .saved  and  the  cost  of  the 
article  may  be  called  the  per  cent,  of  saving.  Thus  a  housekeeper 
makes  two  purchases  at  a  sale.  She  buys  an  article  worth  $1  for  95 
cents  and  one  worth  50  cents  for  45  cents.  On  each  article  she 
makes  an  actual  saving  of  5  cents.  It  is  easily  seen,  however,  that 
the  second  purchase  is  the  better  bargain  of  the  two.  On  the  second, 
the  5  cents  saved  is  10  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  article,  while  on 
the  first,  the  5  cents  saved  is  only  5  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the 
article. 

EXERCISE    IX 


Problem.  —  If  sugar  is   sold  at  9  cents  a  pound,  or   ll1/^   pounds  for 
$1,  what  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  buying  it  one  dollar's  worth  at  a  time? 
11%  X    $.09  =  $1.04,  the  cost  of   11%   pounds  of   sugar  at  9   cents. 
$1.04  —  $1.      =    $.04,  the  actual  saving. 

.04  -H    1.04  =      .038,  or  3.8  per  cent.,  the  per  cent,  of  saving. 

1.  Oatmeal  can  be  bought  for  6  cents  a  pound  or  10  pounds 
for  50  cents.     What  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  buying  it  by  the 
10  pounds? 

2.  If  a  pound  of  flour  costs  9  cents,  what  is  the  per  cent,  of 
saving  in  buying  it  by  the  barrel  at  $14?    (196  pounds  per  barrel.) 

3.  If  eggs  cost  60  cents  a  dozen,  what  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving 
in  buying  eggs  by  the  crate  of  15  dozen  at  $6.45  ? 

4.  Coal  is  sold  for  $10  a  ton.    A  discount  of  25  cents  is  given  for 
payment  by  cash  within  5  days.     What  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving 
effected  by  paying  cash  ? 

5.  What  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  buying  vanilla  extract  in 
a  %-pt.  bottle  at  $.75  over  buying  it  in  a  2-oz.  bottle  at  $.25?  (16 
oz.  =  1  pt.) 

6.  What  is  the  saving  per  Ib.  in  buying  cocoa  in  5-lb.  boxes 
at  $1.64  over  buying  it  in  a  half-pound  box  at  $.18  ?    What  is  the 
per  cent,  of  saving? 

7.  What  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  buying  olive  oil  by  the 
gallon  at  $7.60  over  buying  it  by  the  quart  at  $3  ? 

8.  If  1  Ib.  of  cornmeal  can  be  bought  for  7  cents  and  a  5-lb.  pack- 
age for  32  cents,  what  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  buying  cornmeal 
by  the  5-lb.  package? 

• 


28  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

9.  If  an  average  saving  of  5  per  cent,  could  be  realized  on  all 
purchases,  find  the  actual  saving  in  purchases  which  would  otherwise 
amount  to  $10,  $40,  $90,  $100,  $500. 

10.  A  discount  of  10  per  cent,  is  allowed  on  gas  bills  paid  before 
the  tenth  of  the  month.    Find  the  actual  amount  of  money  that  could 
be  saved  by  a  family  in  a  year  if  the  average  of  the  monthly  bills 
is  $6.35. 

11.  A  store  allows  a  discount  of  2  per  cent,  for  cash.     Find  the 
actual  amount  of  money  saved  by  cash  payments  by  a  family  in  a  year 
if  the  average  of  the  monthly  bills  was  $43.82. 

12.  Bring  in  illustrations  of  ways  in  which  your  family  save 
through  buying  in  quantities, 

13.  How  could  three  or  four  small  families  in  a  neighborhood 
reduce  the  cost  of  living  through  cooperation  in  purchasing  supplies  ? 

14.  How  does  the  public  library  in  a  town  illustrate  the  principle 
of  cooperative  buying?     The  public  school  system?     The   street 
lighting  system  ?    The  system  of  garbage  collection  ? 

EXERCISE  x 

The  actual  amount  of  increase  in  the  cost  of  an  article  should  be 
judged  in  relation  to  its  original  cost.  This  relation  should  be 
expressed  in  terms  of  per  cent. 

Thus,  if  the  cost  of  flour  is  increased  from  $1  .a  bag  to  $1.05, 
the  5  cents  increase  in  price  is  5  per  cent,  of  the  value;  if  the 
cost  of  potatoes  is  increased  from  50  to  55  cents  a  bushel,  the  5  cents 
increase  in  price  is  10  per  cent,  of  the  value. 

1.  The  price  of  beans  was  increased  from  6  to  15  cents  a  pound. 
Find  the  per  cent,  of  increase. 

2.  Cotton-seed  table  oil  costs  50  cents  a  pint  or  $1.60  for  a 
2-quart  can.     Find  tho  per  cent,  of  increase  in  the  cost  of  2  quarts 
of  this  oil  purchased  by  the  pint  over  the  same  amount  purchased  by 
the  2-quart  can. 

3.  Through   an   error  in   estimating  the   amount   of   material 
needed  for  bias  trimming  on  a  dress,  a  girl  bought  %  of  a  yard  of 
silk  more  than  she  needed.     If  she  needed  %  yard,  find  the  per 
cent,  of  increase  in  the  cost  of  the  bias  trimming. 

4.  On  account  of  the  war,  the  cost  of  a  ream  of  paper  increased 
from  60  to  85  cents.    Find  the  per  cent,  of  increase  and  the  actual 
increase  in  supplies  of  school  paper  amounting  to  $3800  before 
the  war. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


29 


5.  The  cost  of  living  is  said  to  have  increased  33 %  per  cent, 
in  the  20  years  before  1914.     If  the  living  expenses  of  a  family  in 
1894  were  $1200,  what  would  they  amount  to  in  1914? 

6.  The  weight  of  a  10-cent  loaf  of  bread  was  decreased  from 
22  ounces  to  16  ounces.     What  was  the  increase  in  the  cost  of 
22  ounces  ? 


FIG.  2. — Where  the  business  of  the  household  is  transacted. 

7.  At  this  rate,  what  is  the  increase  in  the  month's  bread  bill 
for  a  large  family  which  requires  six  22-ounce  loaves  of  bread  a  day  ? 

8.  Illustrate  graphically  by  means  of  two  variables  the  changes 
in  the  local  prices  of  eggs  during  the  last  4  months,  as  shown  by 
your  home  grocery  bills. 


30  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

9.  Investigate  the  local  prices  of  meats,  cereals,  eggs,  and  milk, 
and  find  how  much  they  have  increased  or  decreased  since  last 
year  at  this  time.     Tabulate  your  results,  and  from  your  figures 
find  the  average  increase  in  the  cost  of  these  foods. 

10.  Illustrate  graphically  the  data  in  the  preceding  problem. 

HOUSEHOLD  ACCOUNTS 

Successful  use  of  the  budget  system  depends  upon  the  house- 
keeper's assurance  that  the  money  is  being  spent  according  to  the 
plan  laid  down  in-  the  budget.  The  only  way  by  which  she  can 
be  sure  of  this  is  by  keeping  a  record  of  expenditures. 

In  its  simplest  form  such  a  record  is  a  cash  account,  or  a 
record  of  cash  received,  cash  paid,  and  the  balance  on  hand. 

The  cash  account  in  its  simplest  form  consists  of  four  columns 
(see  page  31). 

Directions 

(a)  Enter  in  the  first  column  the  date  of  each  item  of  receipt  or 
expenditure. 

(b )  Enter  in  the  second  column,  opposite  the  corresponding  date, 
the  description  of  the  various  receipts  and  expenditures. 

(c)  Enter  in  the  third  column,  opposite  the  corresponding  de- 
scriptions, all  amounts  received. 

(d)  Enter  in  the  fourth  column,  opposite  the  corresponding 
descriptions,  all  amounts  paid  out. 

To  balance  the  cash  account:  Enter  the  sum  of  the  receipts 
and  expenditure^,  each  at  the  foot  of  the  proper  column,  and  close 
the  account  by  drawing  double  rulings  across  all  the  columns  except 
the  second  one. 

The  "  balance  "  on  hand  is  the  difference  obtained  by  subtracting 
the  sum  of  the  expenditures  from  the  sum  of  the  receipts.9 

Enter  the  balance  on  hand  as  the  first  item  of  a  new  account, 
writing  the  amount  in  the  column  headed  receipts. 

9  In  cash  accounts  used  in  business,  it  is  customary  to  enter  the 
balance  on  hand  in  red  ink  as  the  last  item  in  the  column  headed  expendi- 
tures, thus  making  the  totals  of  the  two  columns  equal  each  other,  or,  in 
other  words,  making  the  columns  "  balance."  In  household  accounts  the 
balance  should  not  be  written  in  this  column  because  it  is  desirable  to  keep 
in  this  column  simply  items  of  expenditure  so  that  the  footing  at  the  end 
of  the  month  will  show  the  total  expenditures  for  the  month.  The  balance 
may  be  written  for  reference  in  the  itemizatlon  column  on  the  same  line 
with  total  receipts  and  total  expenditures. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


31 


EXEKCISE  XI 

Problem. — Make  the  following  entries  in  the  form  of  a  cash  account 
and  balance: 

Jan.  1.     Amount  of  cash  on  hand  $20.00 

Jan.  2.     Paid  for  washing 2.00 

Jan.  2.     Paid  for  groceries   10.00 

Jan.  3.     Paid  for  coal 16.00 

Jan.  3.     Paid  for  flour 5.25 

Jan.  5.  Paid  for  car    fares    60 

Jan.  5.     Received  salary    70.00 

Jan.  5.     Paid  for  cleaning 1.25 

Jan.  8.     Paid  for  eggs    1.40 

Jan.  8.     Paid  for  washing 2.00 

Jan.  10.     Paid  for  potatoes 2.25 

The  following  is  a  record  of  these  items  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  cash 
account:  10 


1919 

Itemization 

Receipts 

Expenditures 

Jan.    1 

Balance  on  hand.               

$20.00 

Jan.    2 
Jan.    2 

Washing  
Grocer 

$2.00 

1000 

Jan.    3 

Coal  

16.00 

Jan.    3 

Flour 

525 

Jan.    5 

Salary 

70.00 

Jan.    5 

Car  fares 

.60 

Jan.    5 

Cleaning 

1.25 

Jan.    8 

Eggs 

1.40 

Jan.    8 

Washing                                    

2.00 

Jan.  10 

Potatoes             ....        

2.25 

(Balance  on  hand  $49.25) 

$90.00 

$40.75 

Jan.  10 

Balance  on  hand 

$49.25 

1.  Make  the  following  entries  in  the  form  of  a  cash  account  and 
balance : 

Feb.  1.  Cash  on  hand $75.70 

Feb.  2.  Paid  for  washing  1.75 

Feb.  2.  Paid  for  3  tons  of  coal  at  $8  a  ton ...  24.00 
Feb.  3.  Paid  for  4  bu.  of  potatoes  at  $1.50 

per  bu 6.00 

Feb.  3.  Paid  for  5  doz.  eggs  at  42  cents  per 

doz 2.10 

Feb.  5.  Paid  for  woman  to  clean 1.75 

Feb.  5.  Paid  for  rent  for  Jan 24.00 

10  Adapted  from  Household  Management,  Terrill,  published  by  American 
School  of  Home  Economics,  Chicago. 


32 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


Feb.     6.     Paid  for 

8   Ibs.   of  beef  at  28   cents 

per   Ib, 

$2.24 

Feb.     8.     Paid  for 

washing   1.75 

Feb.     9.     Received 

salary  72.00 

Feb.  10.     Paid  car 

fares   .65 

2.  Make  the  following  entries  in  the  form  of  a  cash  account 

and 

balance  :  n 

Feb.  15.     Cash  on  hand  

$4.20           Lunch-money    t 

£  .40 

Feb.   15.     Paid  for: 

Steak    

.10 

Bread   

.10          Milk    

.05 

Milk    

.10          Matches   

.01 

Steak  

.10       Feb.   18.     Paid  for: 

Lunch-money  

.35          Meat  

.45 

Coal  

.10         Coal  

.10 

Bread   

.20           Bread   

.10 

Steak  

.25          Candy  

.05 

Tea   

.30           Beans    

.10 

Coffee   

.25          Milk    

.20 

Meat  

1,00          Fish  

.25 

Sugar  (7  Ibs.)   

.45           Bread   

.20 

Coal 

.15           Lunch-money 

.45 

Feb.  16.     Received      from 

Coal    

.10 

wages   

14.00          Milk    

.10 

Feb.   16.     Paid  for: 

Potatoes     

.20 

Milk    

.10          Cake  

.20 

Bread   

.30 

3.  Enter  the  following  items  in  the  form  of  a  cash  account 

and 

find  a  daily  balance  : 

Saturday,    Feb.  13.     Balance 

Bread  ..                       J 

£  .11 

on  hand  $13.00          Papers    

.10 

Saturday,  Feb.  13.     Paid  for: 

Lamb  

.64 

Rolls  

.10          Peas    

.10 

Milk    

.08          Potatoes  

.15 

Pork  chops   

.48           Bread   

.08 

Rice  

.06          Sauce    

.03 

Codfish  

.20          Bread   

.16 

Bread    

.08      Monday,  Feb.  15.     Paid  for: 

Butter    •  

.30           Stew-meat  

.34 

Condensed  milk   

.90          Bread   

.08 

Tea   

.35          Rolls  

.15 

Sugar   

.20           Bacon   

.10 

Flour    

.10           Pancakes    

.20 

Soap   

.10          Bread   

.08 

Soapine  

.10      Tuesday,  Feb.  16.     Paid  for: 

Gas   

.25          Bacon  

.10 

1  pair  rubbers  

.65          Bread   

.16 

Stockings  

.35          Milk    

.05 

Sunday,  Feb.  14.     Paid  for: 

Meat  for  stew  

.28 

Coffee-cake  

.20          Greens  

.07 

"Adapted  from  More's  Wage-Earners'  Budgets,  Henry  Holt  and  Company. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


33 


Onions  

$  .02 

Thursday,  Feb.  18.     Pair  for: 

Potatoes  

.10 

Bread  and  rolls    

$  .39 

Hash  

.12 

Milk    

.05 

Butter    

.15 

Pork-chops  

.35 

Bread  

.08 

Gas   

.25 

Stamps  

.02 

Potatoes  

.15 

Papers    

.06 

Turnips    

.10 

Wood  

.05 

Pepper    

.05 

Wednesday,  Feb.  17.     Paid  fo 

r  : 

Salt  

.05 

Rolls  

.15 

Butter  

.15 

Milk    

.13 

Friday,  Feb.  19.     Paid  for: 

Bread   

.26 

Milk    

.15 

Bacon   .  

.10 

Bread   

.29 

Beans   

.10 

Potatoes  

.20 

Potatoes  

.10 

Soup-meat  

.30 

Fish    (bloaters)    

.15 

Greens    

.05 

Tobacfco    

.05 

Onions    

.03 

Starch    

.05 

Rice  

.04 

Talcum  

.10 

4.  Enter  the  following 

items 

in  the  form  of  a  cash  accoun 

t  and 

balance  January  18  :  32 

Sunday,  Jan.   12.     Balance 

Rent  

$4.00 

on  hand   

$17.00 

Insurance    

.85 

Sunday,  Jan.  12.    Paid  for: 

Tuesday,  Jan.  14,  Paid  for: 

Meat  

1.05 

Bread   

.15 

Bread   

.20 

Milk    

.15 

Horse-radish  

.05 

Car  fare    

.25 

Rice    

.08 

Potatoes     

.10 

Oranges  

.25 

Tomatoes     

.08 

Vegetables  

.06 

Oatmeal     

.14 

Milk    

.15 

Paper     

.01 

Butter    

.25 

Tobacco    

.05 

Potatoes    

.10 

Meat     

.20 

Vinegar    

.02 

Shoes    (mending)     

.30 

Paper    

.05 

Wednesday,  Jan.  15,  Paid  for: 

Tobacco    

.05 

Car  fare    

.25 

Car  fare  

.25 

Bread   

.15 

Church  money   

.25 

Milk   

.15 

Monday,  Jan.  13,  Paid  for: 

Potatoes    

.10 

Car  fare    

.25 

Paper   

.01 

Coffee  

.25 

Gas   

.25 

Tea   

.16 

Coal    

25 

Sugar   

.18 

Eggs   ...,  

.14 

Bread  

.15 

Meat     

.29 

Milk    

.15 

Tobacco    

.05 

Eggs  

.12 

Thursday,  Jan.  16.    Paid  for: 

Tobacco  

.05 

Car  fare  .  '.  

.05 

Paper   

.01 

Oranges    

.05 

Onions    

.05 

Potatoes    

.10 

Potatoes     

.10 

Milk    

.15 

Coal    

.25 

Meat     

.25 

2 Adapted  from  More's  Wage-Earners'  Budgets,  Henry  Holt  and  Company. 
3 


34 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


Paper  

$  .01 

Potatoes     

$  .10 

Bread   

.15 

Rice  

.08 

Tomatoes     

.08 

Car  fare  

.25 

Tobacco  

.05 

Saturday,  Jan.  18.     Paid  for; 

Eggs  

.08 

Meat  

.29 

Butter  

.13 

Potatoes    

.13 

Slate  

.05 

Bread 

15 

Friday,  Jan.   17.     Paid  for: 

Tobacco  

.05 

Fish  

.15 

Paper    

.01 

Bread     

.15 

Milk   

.15 

Milk  

.15 

Eggs   

.08 

Tobacco  

.05 

Onions    

.05 

Eggs   

.08 

Shoes    (mending)     

.30 

Paper  

.01 

Car  fare  

.25 

JOURNAL-LEDGER    ACCOUNT 

A  simple  cash  account  is  of  little  service  to  the  budget-maker 
unless  the  items  are  distributed  according  to  the  budget  divisions. 
The  distribution  of  the  items  may  be  done  in  a  variety  of  ways; 
the  important  consideration  is  that  it  should  be  done  in  such  a  way 
that  the  total  amount  spent  in  each  budget  division  may  be  readily 
ascertained. 

The  combination  of  a  cash  and  a  ledger  account  as  illustrated 
on  page  35  may  be  used  for  this  purpose.  This  kind  of  a  record 
is  called  a  journal-ledger  account.  It  admits  of  many  variations 
to  meet  different  needs. 

Directions. — Use  the  first  four  columns  for  the  account  of  the 
receipts  and  expenditures,  or  the  simple  cash  account.  (See  direc- 
tions for  keeping  a  cash  account  on  page  30.) 

Increase  the  number  of  columns  by  as  many  columns  as  there 
are  divisions  and  subdivisions  of  the  budget,  heading  each  with  the 
name  of  one  division,  e.g.,  the  first,  "  Food/'  the  second,  "  Shel- 
ter," etc. 

Enter  each  expenditure  both  in  the  column  for  expenditures 
and  in  the  column  for  the  division  of  the  budget  to  which  it  belongs ; 
e.g.,  enter  $1.50  for  sugar  in  the  column  headed  "  Expenditures  " 
and  in  the  column  headed  "  Food." 

At  regularly  stated  intervals,  preferably  at  the  end  of  each  week 
or  month,  balance  the  account  of  receipts  and  expenditures  and 
also  find  the  totals  of  the  columns  representing  the  budget  divisions. 

The  total  of  the  column  for  expenditures  should  be  equal  to  the 
sum  of  the  totals  of  the  columns  representing  the  divisions  of  the 
budget.  This  method  of  proving  the  accuracy  of  the  work  can  be 
facilitated  by  practice  in  adding  horizontally. 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


35 


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36  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

EXERCISE   XII 

Problem. — The  following  is  the  list  of  Mrs.  Dale's  money  transactions 
for  the  first  11  days  in  January.  Enter  the  items  in  the  form  of  a  journal- 
ledger  account,  find  the  balance  on  hand,  the  totals  of  expenditures  in 
each  budget  division,  and  check  the  results.  For  solution  see  page  35. 

Jan.   1.     Balance  on  hand $26.70 

Received  from  salary    150.00 

2.  Paid  for  15  Ib.  sugar 1.50 

Rent    .  .  20.00 

3.  Coffee    JO. 

4.  One    doz.    eggs    (50 

Waist 2.75 

*  5.     Book .  2.00 

6.  Wood   3.00 

Dentist    3.00 

7.  Laundress 1.00 

Electricity    1.60 

8.  Telephone 1.50 

9.  Household  supplies 45 

10.  Milk    .- 1.00 

Shoes  2.00 

11.  Vegetables    2.10 

Car  fare 2.00 

1.  Arrange  in  the  form  of  a  journal-ledger  account  the  items 
in  the  family  expense  list  on  pages  32  and  33,  examples  2  and  3, 
finding  the  balance  at  the  end  of  the  period  for  which  the  accounts 
are  kept. 

2.  Obtain    permission    from   your   mother    to   keep   her   cash 
account  for  a  month,  under  the  direction  of  the  teacher. 

3.  Obtain  permission  from  your  mother  to  keep  the  food  account 
for  a  month,  distributing  the  items  under  the  following  headings : 
Meat,  milk,  butter,  eggs,   cereals,   vegetables,   and  miscellaneous. 
Find  the  per  cent,  of  expenditure  for  each  division. 

ANNUAL  SUMMARY  SHEET 

At  the  end  of  each  month  the  totals  of  the  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures for  the  various  divisions  of  the  budget  should  be  entered  on  a 
sheet  entitled  "  Summary  of  Receipts  and  Expenditures  for  the  Year 
Ending  —  — ."'  (See  page  37.)  On  this  sheet  there  should  be  one 
column  in  which  the  months  of  the  year  are  entered  in  order,  another 
for  the  monthly  receipts,  and  as  many  more  columns  for  expendi- 
tures as  there  are  divisions  of  the  budget. 

At  the  end  of  the  year  the  totals  of  the  various  columns  should 
be  found.  These  totals  will  be  a  classified  summary  of  the  actual 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


37 


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38  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

expenditures  of  the  family  for  the  year  just  closed.     This  annual 
summary  is  invaluable  in  making  a  budget  for  the  coming  year. 

A  convenient  form  for  the  year's  summary  of  receipts  and 
expenditures  is  given  on  page  37. 

EXERCISE   XIII 

1.  Using  a  form  similar  to  that  on  page  37,  enter  the  follow- 
ing items  which  represent  Mrs.  Brown's  expenditures  for  the  12 
months  of  the  year  1914  and  check  by  horizontal  addition.  (The 
numbers  in  parentheses  refer  to  months.) 

Receipts.—  (1)  $97.35;  (2)  $85;  (3)  $85;  (4)  $85;  (5)  $40; 
(6)  $60;  (7)  $95;  (8)  $95;  (9)  $95;  (10)  $95;  (11)  $95: 
(12)  $95. 

Food.— (I)  $22.45;  (2)  $20.45;  (3)  $22;  (4)  $21.75;  (5) 
$22.30;  (6)  $21.15;  (7)  $21.40;  (8)  $22.42;  (9)  $22.75;  (10) 
$21.43;  (11)  $21.16;  (12)  $22.14. 

Shelter. — Nineteen  dollars  for  each  month  with  the  exception  of 
September,  when  it  was  $18. 

Clothing.— (I)  $15;  (2)  $2.35;  (3)  $1.40;  (4)  $5.40;  (5) 
$3.25;  (6)  $18;  (7)  $1.25;  (8)  $3.10;  (9)  $1.50;  (10)  $2.05; 
(11)  $1.80;  (12)  $3.15. 

Service.— (I)  $15.50;  (2)  $2.50;  (3)  $2.50;  (4)  $2.50;  (5) 
$2.50;  (6)  $2.50;  (7)  $2.50;  (8)  $2.50;  (9)  $1.25;  (10)  $2.50; 

(11)  $2.50;  (12)  $2.50. 

Heat, Light,  etc.— (I)  $5.65;  (2)  $5.59;  (3)  $14.66;  (4)  $9.02; 

(5)  $3.80;  (6)   $3.40;   (7)   $17.40;   (8)   $8.24;   (9)  $9.52;   (10) 
$6.87;  (11)  $5.50;  (12)  $8.03. 

Church  and  Benevolence.— (I)  $1.50;  (2)  $1.50;  (3)  $1.50; 

(4)  $1.50;  (5)  -  -;  (6) ;  (7)  $1.50;  (8)  $1.50;  (9)  $1.50; 

(10)  $1.50;  (11)  $4;  (12)  $2. 

Health.— (1)  $.10;  (2)  $.25;  (3)  -;  (4)  $3.25;  (5)  $4.10; 

(6)  $.27;  (7)  $.40;  (8)  ;  (9)  $5.10;  (10)  ;  (11)  ; 

(12)  $1.10. 

Insurance. — Three  dollars  and  forty-nine  cents  for  each  month 
with  the  exception  of  February,  when  it  was  $18.49. 

Savings.— (1)  $10;  (2)  $10;  (3)  $10;  (4)  $15;  (5)  -  -; 
(6)  -  -;  (7)  $10;  (8)  $25;  (9)  $24;  (10)  $22;  (11)  $18; 
(12)  $20. 

Education  and  Similar  Items.— (I)   $1.25;    (2)    $17.30;   (3) 


BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS  39 

$2.75;  (4)  $3.25;  (5)  $1.40;  (6)  $1.10;  (7)  $3.25;  (8)  $3.25; 
(9)  $2.75;  (10)  $2.25;  (11)  $2.55;  (12)  $4.75. 

Incidentals.— (I)  $.15;  (2)  $.10;  (3)  $3.10;  (4)  ;  (5) 

$.45;  (6)  $.52;  (7)  $.60;  (8)  $1.40;  (9)  $.50;  (10)  $3.10;  (11) 
$.40;  (12)  $6.04. 

2.  According  to  a  report  of  the  National  Industrial  Conference 
Board  of  Boston,  the  cost  of  living  increased  during  the  period  from 
July,  1914,  to  June,  1918,  for  the  family  of  the  average  wage-earner 
in  the  United  States  from  50  to  55  per  cent. 

The  increases  for  the  different  items  were  as  follows : 

Per  cent. 

Food 62 

Rent 15 

Clothing   77 

Fuel  and  light 45 

Sundries  50 

Using  these  percentages,  estimate  from  the  totals  of  the  various 
items  in  1  what  Mrs.  Brown's  expenditures  might  have  been  in 
1918.  Assume  that  the  family  income  was  increased  50  per  cent. 
Include  under  sundries  items  for  service,  incidentals,  health,  and 
education.  Increase  the  amount  for  benevolence  to  include  dona- 
tions to  the  War  Chest. 

What  amount  might  the  family  have  invested  in  Liberty  Bonds? 

PERSONAL  ACCOUNTS 

The  journal-J edger  method  may  be  used  for  personal  accounts. 
Each  person  will  doubtless  wish  to  modify  the  form  in  some  way  to 
suit  her  own  needs,  that  is,  to  select  a  classification  suited  to  her 
particular  expenditures. 

EXERCISE  XIV 

Problem. — Classify  the  following  items  of  expenditures  and  receipts, 
and  enter  on  a  blank  form  ruled  for  the  purpose: 

May  1,  on  hand,  $8 

May  1,  salary  check,  $25 

May  4,  hat,  $4.50 

May  5,  shoes,  $3.50 

May  5,  board,  $8 

May  6,  4  yds.  muslin  at  12y2  cents  a  yd. 

May  6,  %  yd.  embroidery  at  45  cents  a  yd. 


40 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


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BUDGETS  AND  ACCOUNTS 


41 


May     9,  church,    $.10 

May  10,  car  fare,  30  cents 

May  10,  y2  Ib.  candy  at  60  cents  a  Ib. 

May  11,  magazine,  15  cents. 

May  11,  stamps,   18  cents 

May  11,  dentist,  $2 

May  11,  lunch,  40  cents 

May  13,  laundry,  75  cents. 

For  a  record  of  these  items  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  journal- ledger 
account  see  page  40. 

I.  The  following  is  the  list  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  for 
four  months  for  a  librarian  earning  $70  a  month.     Enter  them 
on  a  form  similar  to  that  used  on  page  40,  and  balance  the  account 
each  month : 

Jan.  1.     On  hand $1.10 

2.  Received  salary   ....   70.00 

Laundry 50 

Building     and     Loan 

Association    5.00 

3.  Board  and  lodging .  .    30.00 

1  silk  tie 50 

2  pair  silk  stockings.      3.00 
1   pair  white  gloves.      1.50 
Stamps : .        .25 

4.  Car  fare  to  church..        .10 
Church     contribution 

(A.M.) 25 

Church     contribution 

(P.M.) .15 

8.  Laundry 60 

9.  Year's       subscription 

to  magazine 4.00 

Book   (birthday  gift)      1.25 
Cost  to  mail 05 

I 1 .  Church     contribution 

(A.M.) 15 

15.  Laundry 50 

17.  Ticket  to  New  York.  .75 

Lunch  and  car  fare .  .        .90 

Corset 2.00 

Silk  blouse    2.35 

Ribbon 80 

22.  Laundry 55 

Note  paper 60 

Gloves  cleaned 10 

25.  Church  contribution.  .25 
28.  Shoes  repaired 15 

Stamps 10 

Postals 05 

Laundry 60 


31. 

Received  salary  

$70.00 

Board  and  lodging  .  . 

30.00 

Feb.    1. 

Church  and  car  fare. 

.35 

2. 

Building  and  Loan  .  . 

5.00 

3. 

Dressmaker's  bill  .  .  . 

6.75 

White  thread   

.05 

White  silk  

.10 

Buttons    

.10 

Muslin  for  skirt 

.50 

5. 

Laundry  

.60 

7. 

Car  fare  

.10 

Pleasure  

.75 

8. 

Church    contribution 

,       .25 

10. 

Birthday  card    

.15 

Bottle  of   camphor  .  . 

.15 

Soap    

.30 

13. 

Laundry  

.70 

19. 

Talc  powder   

.19 

Shoe  laces  

.25 

Wash    ribbon    

.25 

Bodkin    

.02 

Flowers    (gift)     .... 

1.00 

20. 

Laundry  

.75 

22. 

Church    contribution 

.       .25 

27. 

Laundry  

.70 

28. 

Board   

30.00 

Mar.  1. 

Church  

.25 

Mission   club    

.25 

2. 

Received  salary 

70.00 

3. 

Building  and  Loan  .  . 

5.00 

5. 

Laundry  

.70 

12. 

Laundry  

.90 

14. 

Ticket  to  New  York. 

.75 

Lunch  and  car  fare 

.75 

Suit    

22.50 

Underwear    

2.25 

HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


Gloves  ( black )    .... 
Cards    ( birthday )  .  . 

15.     Church   (A.M.)    

Church  (  P.M  )    

19.  Laundry     

Stamps 

Handkerchief    

20.  Carriage  to  tea   ... 
Ruffling  for  dress .  . 
Shields     

22.     Church    (P.M.)    

Laundry   

27.  Car  fare    

28.  Board  and  lodging. 
Apr.  1.     Received  salary  .... 

3  pair  stockings  .  .  . 
Gloves  cleaned    .... 

2.  Building  and  Loan. 
Laundry  

3.  Subscription  to  paper 
5.     Church   (A.M.)    

Church    (P.M.)    


$1.00 

.20 

.25 

.15 

.75 

.05 

.35 

.50 

.25 

.15 

.15 

.60 

.05 

30.00 

70.00 

1.00 

.10 

5.00 

.70 

5.00 

.25 

.15 


9. 

Hat  for  suit  

$5.50 

Note  paper   

.50 

Stamps  

.10 

Shoes  for  suit  

5.00 

Silk  shirt    

4.00 

Doctor    .  .  

8.00 

Laundry  

.75 

16. 

Laundry  

.80 

18. 

Pleasure  

1.00 

Gift  of  flowers   

.75 

19. 

Church  

.25 

22. 

Belting   (1  yd.)  

.13 

Crochet  cotton   

.17 

Collar  set    

.25 

Embroidery  cotton  .  . 

.08 

23. 

Laundry  

.70 

25. 

Board  

30.00 

26. 

Church      (A.M.      and 

P.M.)    

.40 

29. 

Slippers  cleaned  .... 

.25 

30. 

Laundry     

.75 

2.  Make  out  a  summary  sheet  for  the  preceding  account. 

3.  Find  the  average  monthly  expenditures  for  each  division  of 
the  budget  in  the  preceding  account  and  make  a  budget  for  the 
librarian  for  the  following  month. 

4.  Enter  the  following  items  of  expenditure  incurred  by  the 
librarian  in  June.     Determine  how  closely  the  totals  agree  with 
your  budget  estimates  in  example  3,  and  discuss  the  variations : 


June  1.     Received  salary...   $70.00      June  2. 
Gloves  for  dance   . .     3.00  4. 

White  underskirt  ..      3.00  11. 

Ticket  to  N.  Y 75  14. 

Lunch  and  car  fare.        .90 

Cr§pe  de  Chine  for  16. 

dress 7.00 

Trimming    3.00  18. 

Lining 30 

Thread 20 

Hooks  and  eyes 10  20. 

Ribbon 75  25. 

Ribbon  (narrow)   . .       .08  28. 

Making  of  dress 6.00 


Building  and  Loan.   $5.00 

Laundry 90 

Laundry 80 

Church      (  A.M.     and 

P.M.) 40 

Slippers  cleaned  .  .  .        .25 

Car  fare 10 

Laundry 85 

Carriage 50 

Flowers   (gift)    ....      1.00 

Board  30.00 

Laundry 90 

Church 25 


5.  Keep  your  own  cash  account  for  6  weeks  and  make  a  budget 
from  the  weekly  totals  of  expenditures. 


SHELTER 


SHELTER 

COST  OF  SHELTER 

A  HOUSE  must  be  kept  in  repair:  walls  have  to  be  repapered, 
ceilings  plastered,  floors  recovered,  woodwork  painted,  etc.  Whether 
a  housekeeper  owns  or  rents  her  home,  she  should  understand  how 
to  estimate  the  cost  of  repairs  and  maintenance,  how  to  decide  upon 


FIG.   3. — Interior    of    a    living    room. 

the  amount  of  money  that  may  be  spent  upon  repairs,  and  how  to 
judge  whether  proposed  alterations  are  essential,  thus  adding  to  the 
value  of  the  property,  or  are  luxuries. 

A  common  rule  for  estimating  the  amount  of  money  to  be  spent 
on  repairs  on  rented  property  is  the  following:  In  order  to  obtain 
6  per  cent,  income  from  rented  property,  the  rent  must  be  at  least 
10  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  property  to  allow  for  taxes,  water 

45 


46  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

bills,  fire  insurance,  repairs,  and  depreciation;  these  last  named 
outgoes  are  usually  about  4  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  property. 
If  alterations  and  additions  are  made,  other  than  repairs,  an 
additional  rent  is  usually  charged,  equal  to  10  per  cent,  of  the  cost 
of  such  additions. 

EXERCISE  I 

1.  Find  the  annual  rent  that  should  be  charged,  and  the  number 
of  dollars  that  should  be  reserved  each  year  by  the  landlord  for 
taxes,  water  bills,  insurance,  and  repairs,  if  the  property  is  worth 
the  following  amounts:  $9000,  $2700,  $3200. 

2.  What  additional  monthly  rent  would  you  expect  to  pay  if  a 
porch  costing  $550  were  added  to  your  home  ?    If  an  extra  bathroom 
were  added  at  a  cost  of  $340  ? 

3.  If  a  house  rents  for  $20  a  month,  what  is  its  approximate 
value?    If  it  rents  for  $27 ?    $17?    $65? 

4.  The  Wentworths  own  their  own  home  which  is  valued  at 
$9000.     What  should  be  their  annual  budget  estimate  for  shelter? 
How  much  of  this  does  Mr.  Wentworth  pay  out  of  his  $4000  salary  ? 

5.  Mr.  Eichards  sets  aside  $14  a  month  to-  allow  for  repairs, 
taxes,   depreciation,  and  insurance  on  his  house  which  is  worth 
$4200.     If  you  include  also  loss  of  interest  at  6  per  cent,  on  his 

^investment,  what  is  the  total  cost  of  shelter  per  month? 

6.  How  much  should  a  house  be  worth  to  justify  an  average 
annual  outlay  of  $340  for  taxes,  upkeep,  insurance,  and  depreciation  ? 

7.  If  your  father  owns  your  home,  find  the  value  of  the  property 
and  estimate  the  amount  that  should  be  set  aside  each  month  for 
repairs,  taxes,  etc.    Including  the  loss  of  interest,  what  is  the  cost  of 
shelter  per  month  ? 

8.  If  you  live  in  a  rented  house,  what  would  you  estimate  to  be 
the  value  of  the  property  ? 

TAXES 

In  order  to  pay  the  necessary  expenses  of  a  community,  taxes 
are  levied  on  the  property  in  that  community.  Persons  called 
assessors  are  appointed  to  make  an  estimate  of  the  value  of  each 
person's  property  and  to  apportion  the  taxes  according  to  the  value 
of  the  property. 


SHELTER  47 

The  rate  of  taxation  is  found  by  dividing  the  total  estimated 
expenses  to  be  paid  by  taxation  on  property,  by  the  total  assessed 
valuation  of  the  property. 

If  the  rate  of  taxation  is  1.2  per  cent,  of  the  assessed  valuation 
of  the  property,  it  is  commonly  expressed  as  12  mills  on  a  dollar 
or  as  $1.20  on  a  hundred  dollars. 

EXERCISE  II 

Find  the  taxes  on  property  of  the  following  value : 

1.  $13,500  at  .0065.  ' 

2.  $5420  at  .0115. 

3.  $2600  at  $1.28  per  $100. 

4.  $6430  at  $1.45  per  $100. 

5.  A  house  is  assessed  at  $3000.    What  will  be  the  expense  for 
taxes  if  the  rate  is  121/4  mills  ? 

6.  Mr.  Brown  owns  a  house  and  lot  worth  $5400.    It  is  assessed 
at  %  of  its  value.     Find  the  amount  of  taxes  on  this  property 
if  the  tax  rate  is  18%  mills  on  assessed  valuation. 

7.  Mr.  Johnson  owns  a  two-family  house  worth  $7500.     The 
rate  of  taxation  is  $1.40  per  $100  on  an  assessed  valuation  of 
80  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  property.     What  will  be  the  amount 
of  his  bill  for  taxes  ? 

8.  What  is  the  tax  rate  in  a  city  which  has  an  assessed  valuation 
of  $339,452,000  and  which  raises  a  tax  of  $6,420,340  ? 

9.  The  assessed  valuation  of  a  village  is  $420,560  and  the  budget 
calls  for  a  tax  of  $5420.    What  is  the  tax  rate  ? 

10.  What  is  the  tax  rate  in  a  city  which  has  an  assessed  valuation 
of  $3,124,000  if  the  total  amount  of  tax  to  be  collected  is  $29,450  ? 

11.  Mrs.  Jones  owns  property  in  the  city  mentioned   in  the 
above  example.    It  is  assessed  at  $12,450.    What  is  the  amount  of 
her  tax  bill  ? 

12.  Mr.  Smith  and  Mr.  Jackson  each  own  property  valued  at 
$10,000.    Mr.  Smith  lives  in  a  city  in  which  the  tax  rate  is  12  mills 
on  an  assessed  valuation  of  four-fifths  of  the  value  of  the  property. 
Mr.  Jackson  lives  in  a  city  where  the  tax  rate  is  $1.30  per  $100  on 
an  assessed  valuation  of  three-quarters  of  the  value  of  the  property. 
Which  pays  the  higher  tax  bill?     What  is  the  amount  of  the  tax 
bill  of  each  ? 


48  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

13.  Find  out  the  tax  rate  in  your  own  locality  and  the  assessed 
valuation  of  the  house  and  lot  where  you  live.     What  should  be 
the  taxes  on  this  property  ? 

14.  The  assessed  valuation  of  a  certain  town  is  $742,000.    It  is 
decided  to  raise  the  salaries  of  12  teachers  $200  each.     What  will 
be  the  increase  in  the  rate  of  taxation?     What  will  be  the  increase 
in  the  tax  bill  of  Mr.  Dobbins,  whose  property  is  worth  $4500  ? 

15.  A  city  wishes  to  raise  $12,500  for  improvements.     How 
much  will  this  increase  the  tax  rate  if  the  assessed  valuation  of  the 
property  in  the  city  is  $36,540,200  ? 

16.  In  March,  1915,  Mr.  Mason  bought  a  farm  house  for  $3500. 
What  was  the  value  of  the  house  at  the  end  of  three  years  if  the 
annual  rate  of  depreciation  of  the  property,  due  to  wear  and  tear, 
was  1.5  per  cent,  of  the  cost  ?  1     What  was  the  amount  of  his  tax  bill 
for  the  year  1918  if  the  rate  was  7  mills  on  a  dollar  based  on  an 
assessed  valuation  of  50  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  property  ? 

17.  Mary  Jackson  bought  an  automobile  for  $1200.    What  was 
the  value  of  the  car  at  the  end  of  two  years,  allowing  for  an  annual 
depreciation  of  18  per  cent,  of  its  cost?  *     Wliat  were  the  taxes  on 
it  the  second  year,  if  the  rate  was  $2.40  per  $100  on  an  assessed 
valuation  of  80  per  cent,  of  its  value  ? 

18.  Mrs.  Kellogg  bought  a  brick  house  in  the  city  for  $5400. 
What  was  its  value  at  the  end  of  10  years,  allowing  for  an  annual 
depreciation  of  1.5  per  cent,  of  the  cost?  1     The  tax  rate  in  the  city 
at  the  end  of  the  ten  years  was  $1.40  per  $100  on  an  assessed  valua- 
tion of  100  per  cent.    What  was  her  tax  bill  for  the  year  ? 

FIRE  INSURANCE 

Insurance  is  an  agreement  to  compensate  a  person  or  persons 
for  a  specified  loss.  A  house  may  be  insured  against  fire  or  against 
loss  by  other  means.  The  written  agreement  is  called  an  insurance 
policy.  The  sum  of  money  specified  to  be  paid  in  case  of  loss  is 
the  face  value  of  the  policy. 

The  cost  of  insurance  is  called  the  premium.  The  amount  of  the 
premium  depends  upon  the  face  value  of  the  policy  and  the  rate  of 
insurance.  The  rate  is  usually  quoted  as  so  many  cents  per  $100 
for  a  given  time,  for  example,  a  rate  of  75  cents  per  $100  for  3  years. 

1  Depreciation  rates  given  in  The  Wisconsin  Income  Tax  Law.     1917. 


SHELTER  49 

EXERCISE    III 

State   the   premiums   on   the   following  policies   at   the   rates 
specified : 

1.  $13,500  at  35  cents  per  $100. 

2.  $5420  at  45  cents  per  $100. 

3.  $2600  at  65  cents  per  $100. 

4.  $2050  at  50  cents  per  $100. 

5.  $8450  at  37%  cents  per  $100. 

6.  A  house  worth  $7540  is  insured  for  three-quarters  of  its  value 
at  44  cents  per  $100.    What  is  the  premium? 

7.  Mr.  Jones  took  out  a  fire  insurance  policy  on  his  home  for 
80  per  cent,  of  the  cost,  which  was  $3500.     The  rate  was  60  cents 
per  $100.    What  was  the  premium  ? 

8.  Mrs.  Brown  found,  that  she  could  insure  her  house  for  three 
years  for  twice  what  it  would  cost  her  to  insure  it  for  one  year. 
She  decides  to  insure  her  house,  valued  at  $2480  at  four-fifths  of  its 
value.    If  the  rate  for  one  year  is  45  cents  per  $100,  what  does  she 
save  by  taking  out  a  three-year  policy  instead  of  insuring  it  each 
year? 

9.  A  house  worth  $3450  is  insured  for  two-thirds  of  its  value. 
What  is  the  cost  of  insurance  for  one  year  at  55  cents  per  $100  ? 
What  is  the  saving  in  taking  out  a  three-year  policy  at  $1.10  per 
$100? 

10.  Mr.  Thompson  insured  his  house  for  $4500  and  his  furniture 
for  $1000.    The  rate  was  60  cents  per  $100  for  three  years.    What 
was  the  premium  ? 

11.  A  house  worth  $2500  was  insured  for  three-fifths  of  its  value. 
It  was  insured  for  five  years  at  52  cents  per  $100  per  year.     During 
the  fifth  year  it  burned.    What  was  the  actual  loss? 

EXPENSE  OF  OWNING  A  HOME 

In  estimating  the  expense  of  owning  a  home  it  is  necessary  to 
consider  the  following  things : 

(a)  The  loss  of  interest  upon  the  money  invested  in  the  home. 

(b)  The  cost  of  repairs  and  depreciation. 

(c)  Insurance  on  the  house. 

(d)  Taxes  on  the  house  and  lot. 

4 


50  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

EXERCISE  IV 

1.  Mr.  Brown  owns  the  house  in  which  his  family  lives.     The 
house  is  valued  at  $3000  and  is  insured  for  four-fifths  of  its  value 
at  35  cents  per  $100  for  3  years.    The  assessed  valuation  of  the  house 
and  lot  is  $2800.    The  tax  rate  is  12  mills  on  a  dollar.    The  repairs 
and  depreciation  on  the  house  amount  to. $120  a  year.     The  lot 
on  which  the  house  stands  is  worth  $300.     The  interest  rate  on 
money  is  5  per  cent.    What  is  the  expense  for  shelter  for  one  year  ? 
For  one  month  ? 

2.  The  family  of  Paul  Jackson  own  their  own  home  valued  at 
$4000  and  a  lot  valued  at  $500.     They  set  aside  $12  a  month  for 
repairs.    The  loss  by  depreciation  is  1  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the 
house.     The  tax  rate  is  $1.31  on  each  $100  of  the  assessed  valuation 
of  80  per  cent,  of  the  value.     The  house  is  insured  for  three-fifths 
of  its  value  for  55  cents  per  $100  for  three  years.     What  does  the 
family  pay  per  month  for  shelter  if  the  interest  rate  of  money  is 
6y2  per  cent.? 

3.  Mrs.  James  can  buy  a  house  and  lot  suitable  for  her  family 
for  $3200  or  she  can  rent  a  house  for  $20  a  month  and  invest  her 
money  in  bonds  paying  5%  per  cent,  interest.    It  will  cost  $60  a  year 
to  keep  the  house  in  repair.     The  tax  rate  based  on  75  per  cent, 
of  the  value  of  the  property  is  7%  mills  on  a  dollar.     She  would 
insure  the  house  for  $2500  at  45  cents  per  $100  for  one  year.    What 
would  be  the  most  economical  thing  for  her  to  do  ? 

DRAWINGS  FOR  EEPAIR  WORK 

The  repairs  on  a  house  are  of  great  variety.  For  some  of  these 
repairs  it  is  necessary  to  take  accurate  measurements  and  to  make 
drawings  in  order  to  show  how  the  work  is  to  be  done.  A  house- 
keeper should  know  how  to  take  measurements,  how  to  draw  to 
scale,  and  how  to  read  a  builder's  plans. 

Rules  for  taking  measurements : 

(a)  Do  not  measure  in  the  air ;  measure  along  a  wall  or  floor,  or 
along  the  ground. 

(b)  Measure  in  a  straight  line. 

(c)  If  the  rule  used  is  shorter  than  the  distance  to  be  measured, 
make  a  light  mark  on  the  surface,  at  the  end  of  the  rule,  and  replace 
the  end  of  the  rule  exactly  at  this  point  in  continuing.     In  taking 


SHELTER  51 

the  measurements  of  rooms  it  is  desirable  to  use  a  long  tape — a 
60-ft.  one  is  convenient  about  the  house  and  grounds. 

(d)  Give  results  in  feet  and  inches. 

(e)  State  dimensions  in  the  following  order:  Length,  width, 
height  (or  depth) .    The  signs  '  and  "  are  used  to  represent  feet  and 
inches  respectively ;  thus  3  ft.  2  in.  may  be  written  3'-2". 

Rule  for  drawing  to  scale :  Let  some  convenient  fractional  part 
of  an  inch  on  the  drawing  represent  1  foot  on  the  actual  object 
represented.  The  product  of  this  fraction  by  the  length  of  the 
object  expressed  in  feet  gives  the  length  of  the  line  in  the  drawing. 

EXERCISE  V 
Problem. — Using  the  scale  %"  =  1',  draw  a  line  to  represent  7'-6". 

71/0  x  y4"=iy8" 

That  is,  the  line  must  be  \%  inches  long  to  represent  7  feet  6  inches. 
Measurements  are  indicated  on  drawings  as  follows: 


< 7'  6' 

Scale   y4"=l' 

The  distance  from  A  to  B  is  7  feet  6  inches,  from  B  to  C  4  feet.  These 
measurements  may  be  written  7 '-6"  and  4'-0",  or  7  ft.  6  in.  and  4  ft.  On 
drawings  it  is  customary  to  use  the  former,  in  ordinary  written  records 
the  latter. 

In  builders'  drawings  openings  in  the  wall,  such  as  windows  and 
doors,  are  usually  indicated  on  the  floor  plan  as  in  Fig.  4.  Dis- 
tances are  measured  from  the  wall  to  the  middle  of  the  opening, 
and  from  the  middle  of  one  opening  to  the  middle  of  the  next,  etc. 

The  distance  from  A  to  D  is  found  by  adding  the  distance  from  A  to  B, 
the  center  line  of  the  window,  which  is  2'-6",  the  distance  from  B  to  C, 
which  is  o'-O",  and  the  distance  from  C  to  D,  which  is  3'-6".  The  total  length 
of  the  room  is  3'-6''  +  5'-0"  +  3'-6"  or  12M)".  The  width  of  the  room  is 
9'-6".  These  dimensions  are  usually  written  using  the  sign  X  to  express 
the  relation  "by,"  thus:  12'-0"  X  9'-6". 

Using  the  scale  14"  =  1  foot,  make  floor  plans  of  the  following 
rooms,  indicating  the  location  of  doors  and  windows : 

1.  A  garage  12'-0"  X  8'-6",  with  one  window  3'-0"  wide,  at  the 
rear  and  a  door  6'-0"  wide  opposite  the  window. 

2.  A  room  18'-0"  X  16 '-6",  with  two  windows  3'-0"  wide  on  each 
of  two  sides,  and  a  door  3'-6"  wide  on  the  third.     (Space  windows 
and  doors  symmetrically.) 


52 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


3.  The  schoolroom. 

4.  Your  own  bedroom. 

5.  If  the  garage  in  No.  1  is  10'-6"  high,  with  a  flat  roof,  and  the 
door  is  8'-6"  high,  make  a  drawing,  i.e.,  an  elevation,  of  the  front. 

6.  Make  an  elevation  of  a  wall  17  feet  long  and  8  feet  high  with 


FIG.  4. — Floor  plan. 

two  windows  each  3  feet  from  the  floor.  The  dimensions  of  the 
windows  are  3 '-6"  X  4'-6".  They  are  spaced  symmetrically  and 
there  is  7  feet  between  the  centre  lines  of  the  windows. 

REPAIRS  .('' 

Certain  kinds  of  work  are  done  at  a  specified  price  per  square 
foot  or  square  yard.  For  such  work,  it  is  necessary  first  to  find  the 
total  area  of  the  surfaces  to  be  covered,  and  then  to  make  allowances 
for  openings  according,  to  the  local  custom.  '  :cj 


SHELTER  53 

EXEliCISE  VI 

Problem. — Find  the  cost  of  lathing  and  plastering  a  hallway  whose 
dimensions  are  45'-0"  long,  14'-0"  wide,  and  lO'-O"  high,  at  38  cents  per 
sq.  yd.,  no  allowance  being  made  for  openings. 

4o  X  2  -f  14  X  2  =  118,  the  number  of  feet  in  the  length  of  the  walls. 

118  X  10 
— q —  13P/£,  the  number  of  sq.  yds.  in  the  walls. 

45  X  14 
— q — .70>  the  number  of  sq.  yds.  in  the  ceiling. 

+  70=  201%,  the  number  of  sq.  yds.  to  be  plastered. 
X  $.38  =  $76.42,  the  cost  of  plastering  the  hall. 

1.  Estimate  the  cost  of  lathing  and  plastering  a  kitchen  16  ft. 
long,  10  ft.  wide,  and  8  ft.  high,  at  45  cents  per  sq.  yd.,  no  allowance 
being  made  for  openings. 

2.  Estimate  the  cost  of  calcimining  the  kitchen  at  20  cents  per 
sq.  yd. 

3.  Estimate  the  cost  of  lathing  and  plastering  a  dining-room 
whose  dimensions  are  16'-0"  long,  12'-6"  wide  and  9'-0"  high,  at 
48  cents  per  sq.  yd.,  no  allowance  being  made  for  openings. 

4.  Estimate  the  cost  of  calcimining  the  dining-room  in  problem  3 
at  24  cents  per  sq.  yd. 

5.  Estimate  the  cost  of  laying  a  concrete  floor  on  a  verandah 
28  ft.  long  and  14  ft.  wide  at  18  cents  per  sq.  ft.  (4  inch  concrete). 

6.  Estimate  the  cost  of  oiling  and  polishing  a  floor  20  ft.  long 
and  18  ft.  wide  at  5  cents  per  square  yard. 

7.  Estimate  the  cost  of  laying  a  concrete  floor  4  inches  deep  at 
17  cents  per  sq.ft. in  a  garage  whose  dimensions  are  16'-0"  X  12'-6". 

8.  Estimate  the  cost  of  laying  a  concrete  floor  at  12  cents  per 
sq.  ft.  in  a  cellar,  if  the  dimensions  of  the  foundations  are  40'-0"  X 
22'-6". 

9.  Two  concrete  tracks,  each  l'-8"  wide,  are  to  be  laid  for  an 
automobile  driveway  from  the  garage  to  the  street,  a  distance  of  85  ft. 
Prices  quoted  for  different  grades  of  concrete  are  18  and  22  cents 
per  sq.  ft.    Find  the  total  cost  and  the  total  difference  between  the 
two  estimates. 


54  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

PAINTING 
EXERCISE  VII 

Rule. — (a)  To  find  the  approximate  number  of  gallons  of  liquid 
paint  required  for  two  coats,  divide  the  number  of  square  feet  by 
200.2 

(b)  A  fair  day's  work  for  a  painter  is  1000  square  feet. 

1.  How  many  gallons  of  paint  are  required  for  two  coats  of 
paint  for  a  floor  16  ft.  long  and  14  ft.  wide  ? 

2.  How  long  will  it  take  a  painter  to  give  two  coats  of  paint  to 
the  floor  of  a  verandah  20  ft.  long  and  6  ft.  wide  ?    How  much  paint 
is  required  ? 

3.  How  much  paint  is  required  to  give  two  coats  of  paint  to  the 
walls  of  a  kitchen  whose  dimensions  are  12  ft.  long,  10  ft.  wide,  and 
8  ft.  6  in.  high  ?    How  long  will  it  take  a  painter  to  do  the  work  ? 
(No  allowance  made  for  openings.) 

4.  How  much  will  the  paint  cost  at  $2.50  per  gallon,  for  two  coats 
of  paint  on  the  outside  (not  including  the  roof)  of  a  garage  whose 
dimensions  are  14'-4"  long,  8'-6"  wide,  and  10-0"  high  ?    How  long 
should  it  take  to  do  the  work? 

5.  If  a  painter  charges  $4.50  per  day,  and  paint  costs  $2.25 
per  gallon,  how  much  will  it  cost  to  give  two  coats  of  paint  to  the 
outside  of  a  club  building  whose  dimensions  are  60  ft.  long,  40  ft. 
wide,  and  24  ft.  high  ?    Do  not  include  the  roof. 

6.  Estimate  the  cost  of  two  coats  of  paint  for  the  verandah  floor 
of  your  home. 

7.  Estimate  the  cost  of  giving  the  kitchen  wall  and  ceiling  in 
your  home  two  coats  of  paint. 

FLOORING 

In  laying  floors,  matched  boards, i.e.,  tongued  and  grooved  boards, 
are  ordinarily  used.  These  vary  from  1/2"  to  13/16"  in  thickness  and 
from  2"  to  4"  in  width,  and  are  sold  by  the  board  foot.  Prices  for 
flooring  are  usually  given  per  M,  that  is,  per  1000  board  feet.3 

2  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  amount  of  paint  accurately  by  any 
one  rule,  for  the  amount  of  paint  required  varies  according-  to  the  thickness 
of  the  paint,  and  the  condition  and  character  of  the  surface  to  be  covered. 

3  All  lumber  is  sold  by  board  measure.     For  boards  one  inch  or  less  in 
thickness  the  number  of  board  feet  in  a  board  is  the  same  as  the  number 
of  square  feet  in  its  surface.     For  a  table  of  board  measure  for  boards  more 
than  1  inch  in  thickness  the  student  is  referred  to  any  complete  arithmetic 
or  encyclopedia. 


SHELTER  55 

In  estimating  the  amount  of  flooring  needed  to  cover  a  given 
area,  allowance  must  be  made  for  workage  and  for  waste.  Workage 
is  the  loss  in  the  process  of  manufacturing  matched  boards  from 
rough  material.  A  piece  of  rough  board  2~y2  inches  wide  will  cover 
only  2  inches  after  it  has  been  tongued  and.  grooved,  a  board  3 
inches  wide  only  2y%  inches,  a  board  4  inches  wide,  only  3y2  inches, 
or  3!/4  inches. 

Waste  is  the  loss  in  laying  the  floor,  due  to  imperfect  boards, 
cutting  corners,  and  loss  of  short  lengths. 

EXERCISE  VIII 

In  estimating  the  amount  of  flooring  needed  to  cover  a  given 
area,  allowing  for  workage  and  waste,  contractors  use  the  following 
practical  rules  : 

(a)  For  2",  2%",  2i/2"  flooring,  allow  one-third  more  than  the 
area  of  the  floor  to  be  covered. 

(b)  For  3"  or  4"  flooring,  allow  one-quarter  more  than  the  area 
of  the  floor  to  be  covered. 

Problem.  —  How  many  feet  of  flooring  13/16"  X  2%"  will  be  required 
for  a  floor  18'-0"  X  16'-6"?  Find  the  cost,  using  clear  maple  at  $54  per  M. 

18  X  16%  =  29.7,  the  number  of  sq.  ft.  in  the  floor. 

4/3  X  297=  396,  the  number  of  sq.  ft.  required  in  order  to  allow 
for  workage  and  waste. 

54 

—  $.054,  the  cost  per  board  foot. 


396  X  $.054  =  $2  1.38,  tho  cost  of  the  boards. 

Find  the  number  of  feet  of  flooring  y2"  X  3"  required  for  floors 
whose  dimensions  are  as  follows  : 

1.  14'-0"  X  10-0". 

2.  16'-0"  X  14'-0". 

3.  15'-4"  X  12-6". 

4.  How  much  matched  flooring  13/16"  X  2%"  will  be  required 
for  the  floor  in  the  plan  on  page  52  ?    Find  the  cost  of  the  flooring 
if  clear  maple  is  used  at  $49  per  M. 

5.  Find  the  cost  of  boards  for  a  floor  16'-0"  X  14'-6"  if  clear 
quartered  oak  %"  X  2"  is  used  at  $108  per  M. 

6.  Find  the  cost  if  plain  oak  flooring  i/2"  X  2"  at  $49.60  is  used 
for  the  floor  in  example  5. 


56  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

7.  The  dimensions  of  a  basement  laundry  are  14'-6"  X  10'-8". 
How  much  will  the  flooring  cost  if  N.  C.  pine  13/16"  X  4"  is  used 
at  $31.50  per  M.  ? 

8.  Estimate  the  cost  of  laying  a  floor  30'-0"  X  18'-6",  using 
clear  quartered  oak  flooring  i/2"  X  2%"  at  $90  per  M. 

The  following  is  a  contractor's  estimate  of  the  cost  of  laying 
flooring  (exclusive  of  the  cost  of  the  boards)  : 

Labor  to  lay  1  sq.  ft.@  $4.50  per  day $.04 

Labor  to  plane  and  scrape  @  $4.50  per  day .02 

Cost  of  felt,  nails,  and  sandpaper  per  sq.  ft 0075 

Cost  of   labor  and   material   for  two  coats  white 
shellac  per  sq.  ft 03 

9.  Using  the  above  contractor's  estimate  for  laying  floors  and 
including  the  cost  of  boards,  find  the  cost  of  laying  a  floor  16'-0"  X 
14'-6",  using  clear  No.  1  maple,  13/16"  X  3",  at  $49.50  per  M. 

10.  Using  the  above  contractor's  estimate  for  laying  floors  and 
including  the  cost  of  boards,  find  the  cost  of  laying  a  floor  12'-0"  X 
10'-6",  using  N.  C.  pine  %"  X  2%"  at  $45  per  M. 

11.  In  the  same  way  estimate  the  cost  of  laying  a  quartered-oak 
floor  in  a  room  18'-0"  X  16'-10",  using  material  13/16"  X  W  at 
$108  per  M. 

PAPERING 

Wall-paper  is  usually  18  inches  wide  It  is1  sold  by  the  single 
roll,  which  is  8  yards  long,  and  by  the  double  roll,  which  is  16  yards 
long.  Estimates  for  the  amount  of  paper  required  and  for  the  cost 
of  hanging  the  paper  are  usually  based  upon  the  single  roll  as  the 
unit  of  measure  (Fig.  5). 

Cartridge,  ingrain,  plain  duplex,  and  velour  papers  are  30 
inches  wide,  and  only  two-thirds  as  many  rolls  are  needed  as  with 
ordinary  paper. 

The  fractional  part  of  a  roll  cannot  be  bought. 

It  is  important  to  know  that,  unless  otherwise  specified,  a  roll 
always  means  a  single  roll. 

Practical  rules  for  estimating  approximately  the  number  of 
rolls  of  paper  required  for  the  walls  and  ceiling  of  a  room  are 
as  follows : 

EULE  I  (for  walls). — (a]    To  find  how  many  strips  can  be  cut 


SHELTER 


57 


from  a  roll,  divide  the  length  of  the  roll,  by  the  height  of  the  wall 
and  discard  the  remainder. 

(b)  To  find  the  number  of  strips  required,  divide  the  number 
of  feet  in  the  perimeter  of  the  room  by  ll/2  feet  (18"),  and  consider 
any  fractional  strip  in  the  result  as  equivalent  to  another  whole 
strip. 

(c)  To  find  the  number  of  rolls  required,  divide  the  number  of 
strips  required  by  the  number  of  strips  that  can  be  cut  from  a  roll, 
and  consider  any  fractional  roll  in  the  result  as  a  whole  roll  unless 
deductions  are  to  be  made  for  doors  and  windows. 


Cartridge 


Oatmeal 


Crepe 


Stipple 


FIG.  5. — Samples  of  wall-paper. 

(d)  To  find  the  number  of  rolls  required  when  there  are  open- 
ings in  the  walls,  deduct  from  the  total  number  of  rolls  required 
one-half  of  a  roll  for  each  ordinary  door  or  window;  when  there 
are  large  openings  such  as  mantles  or  fireplaces,  deduct  one  roll  for 
each  36  square  feet  of  surface  in  the  opening. 

HULE  II  (for  ceilings). — To  find  the  number  of  rolls  for  ceilings 
proceed  as  in  Rule  I,  except  that  in  (&)  the  number  of  strips  is 
found  by  dividing  the  width  or  the  length  of  the  room  in  feet  by 
iy2,  i.e.,  the  width  of  the  paper  in  feet. 


58  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

EXERCISE    IX 

Problem. — Find  the  number  of  rolls  of  paper  required  for  the  side  walls 
of  a  room  19'  X  16'  X  9'  that  has  2  doors  and  3  windows. 

8  X  3  -f-  9=2+,  that  is,  2  strips  can  be  cut  from  a  roll. 
(19  +  16)  X  2=70,  the  number  of  feet  in  the  perimeter. 
70  -:-  iy2  =  46+,  that  is,  47  strips  are  required. 

47-s-2==23%,  that  is,  23%  rolls  are  required. 
(2  +  3)  X  V-2  =2%,  that  is,  2%  rolls  may  be  deducted  for  openings. 

23%  — 2%  =21,  the  number  of  rolls  required. 

If  double  rolls   are  used,  the  paper  can  sometimes  be  cut  to  better 
advantage.     Thus,  in  the  above  problem,  if  double  rolls  are  used: 

16  X  3  -f-  9=5+,  that  is,  5  strips  can  be  cut  from  one  double  roll. 

47  -:-  5=9%,  that  is,  10  double  rolls  are.required. 
2%  single  rolls  may  be  deducted  for  openings,  or  1  double  roll. 
Thus  9  double  rolls  (equivalent  to  18  single  rolls)  are  required.    In  other 
words,  a  saving  of  3  rolls  is  effected  by  using  double  rolls. 

Find  the  number  of  rolls  of  paper  required  for  the  side  walls  and 
ceilings  of  the  rooms  whose  dimensions  are  as  follows : 

1.  16  ft.  long,  14  ft.  wide,  and  8  ft.  high. 

2.  12  ft.  long,  10  ft.  wide,  and  8  ft.  high. 

3.  14  ft.  long,  12  ft.  6  in.  wide,  and  8  ft.  6  in.  high. 

4.  21  ft.  10  in.  long,  17  ft.  4  in.  wide,  and  9  ft.  high. 

5  Would  there  be  any  advantage  in  estimating  by  the  double 
roll  in  problems  1-4? 

6.  A  paper-hanger  charges  30  cents  a  single  roll  for  hanging 
paper.    Find  the  cost  of  papering  the  side  walls  and  the  ceiling  of 
a  room  14  ft.  6  in.  long,  12  ft.  wide,  and  8  ft.  6  in.  high.    There  are 
four  windows  and  one  door.    Paper  for  the  walls  costs  $.50  per  single 
roll,  and  for  the  ceiling  $.30  per  single  roll. 

7.  Find  the  cost  of  papering  a  room  32  ft.  long,  19  ft.  8  in.  wide, 
and  8  ft.  6  in.  high,  with  paper  at  $.65  a  roll,  using  $.35  paper 
for  the  ceiling,  if  the  estimate  for  hanging  is  $.30  a  roll.    There  are 
five  windows  in  the  room,  a  fireplace  7'-6"  X  6'-2",  and  two  double 
doors  each  6'-2"  X  6'-8". 

8.  Find  the  cost  of  papering  a  room  20  ft.  long,  16  ft.  6  in.  wide, 
and  9  ft.  high,  if  the  estimate  for  hanging  is  30  cents  a  single  roll. 
Estimate  on  using  cartridge  paper  at  40  cents  a  roll,  and  ceiling 
paper  at  30  cents  a  roll.    There  are  four  windows  in  the  room  and 
one  door. 

9.  Make  a  floor  plan  of  one  room  of  your  home  and  estimate  the 
cost  of  repapering  this  room. 


OPERATION 


OPERATION 

THE  work  of  the  home  may  be  considered  as  a  business  with 
the  housewife  as  manager.  This  business  is  concerned  with  pro- 
viding for  the  family  shelter,  food,  clothing,  and  also  those  things 
which  make  for  its  advancement.  For  this  business  certain  operat- 
ing expenses  are  necessary.  These  include  the  following:  Main- 
tenance of  the  proper  equipment  of  the  plant,  such  as  furniture, 
household  linen,  kitchen  utensils,  etc. ;  heating  and  lighting  of  the 
home;  household  supplies,  such  as  cleaning  materials;  telephone; 
wages  paid  for  service ;•  and  all  other  expenses  connected  with  the 
running  of  the  home  plant. 

-:-«.      -.,:»(-•     ', 

EXERCISE  I 

1.  Mrs.  Jones  made  the  following  expenditures  for  operation: 
Heat,  $58;  light,  $35;  telephone,  $24.50;  refurnishing,  $40.25; 
wages,  $200;  household  supplies,  $98.25.     What  per  cent,  of  the 
total  was  spent  for  each  item  ? 

2.  Mrs.  Brown,  whose  annual  income  is  $2000,  requires  for  the 
year  9  tons  of  coal  at/  $7.25  a  ton.    She  pays,  on  the  average,  $3.50 
a  month  for  gas  and  electricity,  and  $2  a  month  for  the  telephone* 
Four  per  cent,  of  $850,  the  value  of  the  furniture,  is  needed  to  keep 
the  furniture  in  repair,  and  $5  a  month  is  needed  for  supplies. 
If  the  remainder  of  the  budget  allowance  of  15  per  cent,  of  income 
for  operation  can  be  spent  for  service,  what  can  she  afford  to  pay 
per  week  for  service? 

3.  Mrs.  Brown  wishes  to  hire  a  maid  at  $4  a  week  in  order  that 
she  may  have  more  time  for  the  care  and  education  of  her  children 
and  for  reading.     If  she  does  this,  by  what  per  cent,  of  the  total 
income  will  she  exceed  the  ideal  budget  allowance  for  operation? 
Under  which  of  the  budget  headings  could  she  classify  this  excess 
expenditure  for  service  ? 

4.  If  the  15  per  cent,  allowed  for  operation  is  divided  iri  the 
following  manner :  5  per  cent,  for  wages,  4  per  cent,  for  heat,  2% 
per  cent,  for  telephone  and  supplies,  2  per  cent,  for  refurnishing, 

61 


62  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

and  iy2  per  cent,  for  light,  find  the  yearly  allowance  for  each  item 
for  a  family  whose  income  is  $1850. 

5.  What  would  be  the  monthly   allowance  for  light?     Could 
a  maid  be  hired  on  the  allowance  for  service?    If  not,  how  many 
hours  of  service  at  20  cents  per  hour  could  be  procured  per  week? 

6.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hanson  had  furniture  valued  at  $350  when 
they  were  married.     They  increased  this  amount  by  $54  the  first 
year,  and  $45  the  second  year.     What  was  the  value  of  the  furniture 
at  the  end  of  the  second  year,  allowing  7  per  cent,  a  year  for  deprecia- 
tion?    (Allow  full  value  for  the  furniture  purchased  the  second 
year.) 

7.  A  dining-room  rug,  worth  $30,  and  a  living-room  rug,  worth 
$45,  were  given  them  for  wedding  presents.     The  first  year  they 
bought  two  rugs  for  the  bedrooms,  worth  $8  and  $10  respectively, 
and  the  second  year  a  rug  worth  $5.    What  was  the  value  of  the  rugs 
at  the  end  of  the  second  year,  allowing  for  an  annual  depreciation 
of  8  per  cent.? 

8.  The  other  furnishings  with  which  they  started  housekeeping, 
including  bedding,  curtains,  kitchen  utensils,  etc.,  cost  $125.    Allow- 
ing for  an  annual  depreciation  of  10  per  cent,  and  an  annual  outlay 
of  $15  for  new  furnishings,  what  was  the  value  of  these  furnishings 
at  the  end  of  two  years  ? 

9.  At  the  end  of  the  second  year  they  insured  the  household 
goods  for  75  per  cent,  of  their  value  at  45  cents  per  $100  for  three 
years.    What  was  the  premium  ? 

10.  WThat  was  the  bill  for  taxes  on  this  furniture,  if  the  rate  was 
13  mills  on  a  dollar  based  on  an  assessed  valuation  of  45  per  cent, 
of  the  value  of  the  property  ? 

11.  If  the  depreciation  on  all  the  household  furnishings  of  the 
Hansons  averages  about  8  per  cent.,  what  annual  allowance  must 
be  made  for  furnishings  in  order  to  keep  the  value  of  the  furniture 
equal  to  its  value  at  the  end  of  the  second  year  ? 

12.  If  the  expense  of  repairs,  replacement,  taxes,  and  insurance 
on  household  furnishings  is  equal  to  10  per  cent,  of  their  value, 
how  much  money  can  a  family  with  an  income  of  $1500  afford  to 
have  invested  in  them,  allowing  3  per  cent,  of  the  income  for  their 
upkeep  ? 

13.  James   Oswald   expects   to   be   married   in    October,   when 
he  will  have  an  income  of  $2000  a  year.    How  much  money  ought 


OPERATION  63 

he  to  have  saved  for  buying  the  furniture?     (Use  the  percentages 
suggested  in  the  preceding  problem.) 

14.  Make  a  list  of  the  articles  of  furniture  that  he  might  buy 
for  that  amount. 

15.  When  a  claim  for  insurance  is  made,  insurance  companies 
usually  require  an  inventory  of  the  furniture  destroyed.     The  fol- 
lowing is  an  inventory  of  the  furniture  in  a  living  room : 

Article  Date  of  Purchase              Cost  Value  March  '18 

Rug  9'  X  10'  May,      1915  $35.00 

3  pictures  May,      1915  18.00 

Oak  table  May,     1915  15.00 

Curtains  Oct*.,       1915  4.45 

Bookcase  May,      1916  9.75 

Oak  armchair  Sept.,    1916  20.00 

Oak  chair  Sept.,    1916  8.50 

Oak  desk  Dec.,      1916  23.50 

Rocking  chair  May,      1917  15.00 

Books  (Value  May,  1915)  32.50 

If  7  per  cent,  per  year  is  allowed  for  depreciation  on  the  furni- 
ture, 20  per  cent,  on  the  curtains,  5  per  cent,  on  the  books,  and 
8  per  cent,  on  the  rugs,  what  is  the  estimated  value  of  the  household 
goods  in  March,  1918?  How  much  insurance  should  be  taken  out 
at  this  time  ? 

16.  Make  an  inventory  of  the  furniture  and  furnishings  in  your 
living    room    at    home    giving    the    present    value,    allowing   for 
depreciation. 

HOUSEHOLD  LINENS,  BEDDING,  AND  CURTAINS 

The  household  linen  may  be  made  at  home  or  purchased  ready- 
made.  If  it  is  made  at  home,  the  housewife  should  be  able  to 
estimate  the  amount  of  material  required  for  the  different  articles 
that  she  wishes  to  make  ( Fig.  6 ) . 

In  order  to  buy  wisely  it  is  necessary  to  know  the  difference 
in  cost,  reckoned  in  terms  of  money  expended,  between  the  ready- 
made  article  and  the  homemade  one  of  the  same  grade.  Knowing 
this,  the  housewife  can  estimate  how  much  or  how  little  she  earns 
by  her  labor  on  the  articles  that  she  makes  at  home,  and  on  which 
ones  she  earns  the  most  in  proportion  to  the  time  consumed. 

In  January  and  February  there  are  sales  of  white  goods.  It  is 
wise  for  the  housekeeper  to  plan  to  buy  her  sheets,  towels,  table  linen, 
etc.,  at  this  time. 


64 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


FIG.  ti. — Samples  of  checked  toweling,  often  called  glass  toweling. 

The  usual  length  of  a  sheet  before  hemming  is  90  inches.  Long 
sheets,  99  inches  in  length,  or  extra  long  sheets,  108  inches  in 
length,  may  be  bought.  Pillow  cases  and  towels  are  usually  about 


OPERATION  65 

36  inches  in  length.  Unless  otherwise  specified  use  90  inches  for 
sheets  and  36  inches  for  pillow  cases  and  towels  in  the  examples 
in  the  following  exercise. 

EXERCISE  II 

1.  If  three-quarters  of  a  yard  is  allowed  for  one  dish-towel,  esti- 
mate the  cost  of  a  dozen  towels  made  from  glass  toweling  at  19  cents 
per  yard. 

2.  If  the  same  grade  of  towels  may  be  bought  for  $2.75  a  dozen, 
how  much  does  the  housewife  earn  when  she  makes  a  dozen  towels  ? 

3.  If  huckaback  (Fig.  7)  for  hand  towels  may  be  bought  for  45 
cents  a  yard,  and  towels  made  of  the  same  grade  of  huckaback  may  be 
bought  for  50  cents  each,  how  much  money  is  saved  by  making 
a  dozen  towels  at  home  ?    (Fig.  8). 

4.  Find  the  cost  of  6  pairs  of  sheets  made  from  bleached  sheet- 
ing at  37  cents  a  yard.  4 

5.  If  unbleached  sheeting,  which  is  more  durable,  may  be  pur- 
chased for  32  cents  a  yard,  what  is  the  saving  in  cost  ?    What  is  the 
per  cent,  of  saving  ? 

6.  Find  the  cost  of  four  pairs  of  sheets  for  a  single  bed,  if  the 
sheets  are  made  from  anchor  sheeting  54  inches  wide  at  30  cents 
per  yard. 

7.  Anchor  sheets  54  in.  X  90  in.  may  be  purchased  for  72  cents 
each.     Can  the  housekeeper  afford  to  make  her  own  sheets  if  the 
quality  of  the  ready-made  sheets  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  sheeting 
purchased  by  the  yard? 

8.  Ufica  sheets  90  in.  X  99  in.  (the  size  before  hemming)  may 
be  purchased  for  $1.35  each.     Utica  bleached  sheeting,  2*/2  yards 
wide,  costs  50  cents  per  yard.     Is  it  more  economical  to  buy  the 
sheeting  or  the  ready-made  sheets? 

9.  Pillow  cases  may  be  made  from  tubing  at  25  cents  a  yard 
or  from  narrow  sheeting  at  18  cents  a  yard.     What  does  the  house- 
wife earn  by  sewing  the  seams  of  one  dozen  pillow  cases  made  from 
sheeting? 

10.  If  pillow  slips  can  be  purchased  ready-made  for  22  cents 
apiece,  what  does  the  housewife  earn  by  making  the  pillow  slips 
from  sheeting? 

11.  Discuss  the  advisability  of  making  towels  and  bed  linen  at 
home. 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


FIG.  7. — Different  weaves  of  huckaback. 


OPERATION 


67 


FIG.  8. — Showing  different  weaves  of  toweling. 

12.  The  following  were  the  regular  prices  and  the  advertised  sale 
prices  on  Utica  bleached  sheets  and  pillow  cases: 


Utica  Sheets 

Reg.  Sale 

54  in.  X  90    in.         $  .90  $  .65 

72  in.  X  90  in.           1.05  .80 


Pillow  Cases 

Reg.  Sale 

22   in.  X  36   in. '        $  .25         $  .20 


68  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

What  is  the  saving  and  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  buying  one-half 
dozen  of  each  size  of  sheets  and  one  dozen  pillow  cases  during  the 
January  sale  ? 

13.  Find  the  length  and  width  of  the  linen  (Fig.  9)  for  the  cloth 
for  a  dining-room  table  50  inches  square,  if  the  cloth  is  to  hang  over 
the  edge  9  inches  and  2  inches  are  allowed  on  each  end  for  a  hem. 
Find  the  cost  of  the  tablecloth  at  $1.25  a  yard. 

14.  Find  the  length  of  the  cloth  for  a  dining-room  table  which 
is  60  inches  long,  if  one-third  of  a  yard  is  allowed  to  hang  over 
and  the  hems  are  2y2  inches  wide.    Find  the  cost  of  the  tablecloth 
at  $1.50  per  yard. 

15.  What  length  of  material  would  you  buy  for  a  cloth  for  a 
54-inch  round  table  if  one-quarter  of  a  yard  is  to  be  allowed  to 
hang  over  and  the  cloth  is  to  be  finished  on  each  end  with  a  two- 
inch  hem  ? 

16.  Estimate  the  amount  of  canton  flannel  54  inches  wide  needed 
for  a  silence  cloth  to  fit  the  above  table.    What  would  be  the  cost  at 
50  cents  a  yard  ? 

17.  A   circular   lunch   cloth   38   inches   in   diameter   is   to   be 
trimmed  with  3-inch,  linen-Cluny  lace.  How  much  lace  is  required 
if  the  outer  edge  is  to  lie  flat  on  the  table?     (The  circumference 
of  a  circle  is  equal  to  approximately  3J^f  times  the  diameter.) 

18.  A  circular  doily  18  inches  in  diameter  is  trimmed  with 
linen-Cluny  lace  2  inches  in  width.     How  many  inches  of  lace  is 
required  ? 

19.  Estimate  the  number  of  yards  of  linen-Cluny  lace  7  inches 
wide  required  for  a  circular  lunch  cloth  one  yard  in  diameter. 

.  20.  Estimate  the  number  of  yards  of  scrim  required  for  curtains 
for  three  windows  five  feet  in  height.  Each  curtain  is  finished  with 
a  two-inch  hem  at  the  top  and  a  three-inch  hem  at  the  bottom,  and 
between  the  curtains  at  the  top  of  one  window  is  an  18-inch  valence 
with  the  same  width  hems  as  the  curtains.  Allow  two  curtains  for 
each  window. 

21.  A  bedroom  has  four  windows  4  ft.  3  in.  in  height.  Find  the 
cost  of  dimity  for  the  curtains  at  25  cents  per  yard.  Allow  iy2 
inches  for  the  hem  at  the  top  of  each  curtain  and  2y2  inches  for  the 
hem  at  the  bottom. 


OPERATION 


69 


FIG.  9.— Table  linens. 


70  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


FIG.   10. — Washable  curtain  materials. 


OPERATION  71 

22.  A  girl  wishes  to  make  curtains  for  the  two  windows  in  her 
bedroom  and  a  bedspread  for  her  bed.    How  many  yards  of  chintz 
will  she  need  to  buy,  if  the  curtains  are  to  be  4  ft.  8  in.  long 
with  a  two-inch  hem  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  each  curtain,  and  the 
bedspread  is  to  be  90  in.  X  90  in.  ?    What  will  be  the  total  cost  if 
the  chintz  is  25  cents  a  yard  ? 

23.  Find  the  amount  of  net  required  for  4  curtains,  each  4  feet  8 
inches  in  length,  finished  with  a  2%-inch  hem  at  the  bottom  and  a 
3-inch  hem  at  the  top,  allowing  3  inches  for  shrinkage  (Fig.  10). 

24.  Find  the  amount  of  net  required  for  two  curtains  5  feet  2 
inches  in  length,  and  a  valence  made  of  three  widths  of  material 
15  inches  in  depth,  if  both  curtains  and  valence  are  finished  with 
2-inch  hems  at  the  bottom  and  3-inch  hems  at  the  top,  allowing 
3  inches  on  the  curtains  for  shrinkage  and  1  inch  on  the  valence. 

25.  Find  the  amount  of  scrim  required  for  curtains  for  your  own 
bedroom. 

26.  Mrs.  Jones  started  housekeeping  with  the  following  list  of 
household  linen  and  bedding : 

8  sheets  at  $1.05 

8  pillow-cases  at  25  cents 

3  bedspreads  at  $2 

1  dozen  towels  at  $1.75 

6  bath  towels  at  50  cents 
12  washcloths  at  12  cents 

3  pairs  of  blankets  at  $8  a  pair 

2  wool  comforters  at  $6 

2  mattress  protectors  at  $1.60 
2  dozen  22-inch  napkins  at  $3 

1  dozen  tea  napkins  at  $6 

2  two-yard-square  tablecloths  at  $1.50  a  yard 
1  table  pad  at  $1.10 

4  lunch  cloths  at  $3.50 
1  dozen  doilies  at  $5. 

She  reckons  the  average  life  of  the  table  linen  to  be  6  years,  the 
sheets,  pillow-cases  and  towels  5  years,  and  other  bedding  10  years. 
Make  a  statement  in  form  of  an  inventory  of  the  value  of  the  articles 
when  purchased  and  at  end  of  one  year.  (See  example  15,  page  63.)  . 
What  is  the  annual  depreciation  on  her  stock  of  linen  and  bedding  ? 
What  annual  allowance  must  she  make  for  replacement? 


72  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

FLOOR  COVERINGS 

Floor  coverings,  like  cloth,  are  sold  by  the  yard.  To  buy  carpet, 
matting,  and  linoleum  economically,  it  is  necessary  first  to  estimate 
the  amount  of  material  needed  when  the  covering  is  laid  with  as 
little  waste  as  possible,  for  a  fractional  part  of  a  strip  cannot  be 
bought. 

CARPETING  AND  MATTING 

Usual  width  of  carpets  ........  %  yd.  or  1  yd. 

Usual  width  of  matting  .......  1  yd. 

EULE.  —  To  determine  the  number  of  yards  of  material  required  : 

(a)  If  the  covering  is  laid  lengthwise,  find  the  number  of  strips 
required  by  dividing  the  width  of  the  room  in  yards  by  the  width 
of  the  covering,  allowing  a  whole  strip  for  any  fraction  of  a  strip 
in  the  result.  Multiply  .  the  number  of  strips'  by  the  length  of 
the  room  in  yards. 

(&)  If  the  covering  is  laid  crosswise,  reverse  the  rule,  using 
the  length  of  the  room  in  finding  the  number  of  strips  and  the  width 
in  finding  the  number  of  yards  of  floor  covering. 

(c)  To  determine  the  allowance  for  matching  patterns,  add  to 
the  length  of  each  strip  after  the  first,  the  allowance  required  for 
matching  patterns. 

EXERCISE    III 

Problem.  —  Find  the  cost  of  carpet  at  $.85  a  yard  for  a  room  38'-8''  X 
20'-6". 

%  yd  —  width  of  carpet. 
(a)    To  lay  the  carpet  lengthwise: 

=        ft  or  -~yds>'  {'e'>  5%yds''  the  width  of  the  room- 


A^L  _:_  &  =  Qy9,  that  is,  10  strips  are7  required  lengthwise, 

and  %  of  a  strip  3S'-8"  long  would  be  wasted. 
(6)    To  lay  the  carpet  crosswise: 

38'-8"=J-JL£-,  the  no.  of  yds.  in  the  length  of  'the  room. 

1.1  6  -=-  |.=  17&,  or  approximately  17&  that  is,  18  strips 
are  required  crosswise. 
%  of  a  strip  20'-0"  long  is  wasted,  or  less  than  when  the  carpet 

is  laid  lengthwise. 

Hence  18  X  ^-  =  123,  tne  number  of  yards  required. 
123  X  $.85  =$104.55,  the  cost  of  the  carpet. 


OPERATION  73 

1.  Find  the  number  of  strips  of  carpet  1  yd.  wide  required 
to  cover  a  floor  15  ft.  X  11  ft.  if  the  strips  run  lengthwise.     If 
crosswise.    Which  way  will  be  more  economical  ? 

In  rooms  with  the  following  dimensions,  determine  whether 
to  lay  carpeting  1  yard  wide  lengthwise  or  crosswise  to  avoid 
unnecessary  waste: 

2.  16  ft.  X  18  ft. 

3.  12  ft.  X  24  ft. 

4.  17  ft.  6  in.  X  14  ft.  4  in. 

5.  Find  the  number  of  yards  of  carpeting  1  yard  wide  required 
to  cover  the  floor  in  the  plan  on  page  52,  allowing  6  inches  for 
matching  the  pattern. 

6.  The  dimensions  of  a  room  are  19'-0"  X  16'-6".  Find  the  cost 
of  carpeting  this  room  with  carpet  at  $1.50  a  yd.,  allowing  4  inches 
for  matching  the  pattern. 

7.  The  dimensions  of  a  room  are  20'-6"  X  17'-8".  Find  the  cost 
of  carpeting  this  room  with  carpet  at  $2.25  per  yard,  making  no 
allowance  for  matching  the  pattern. 

8.  Find  the  cost  of  carpeting  a  corridor  42'-6"  X  6'-0"  with 
carpet  1  yard  wide  at  $1.50  a  yard,  allowing  8"  for  matching 
the  pattern. 

9.  Determine  the  cost  of  laying  matting  on  the  floor  of  the  room 
in  the  plan  on  page  52  at  $1.15  per  yard. 

10.  How  much  will  it  cost  to  carpet  a  floor  16'-6"  X  12'-0"  with 
carpet  %  yd.  wide  at  $1.25  per  yd.,  allowing  8"  for  matching 
the  patterns? 

11.  How  much  will  it  cost  to  cover  a  floor  20  ft.  long  and  17  ft. 
wide  with  matting  at  $.85  per  yard  ? 

12.  Select  the  kind  of  matting  you  like  and  find  how  much  it 
would  cost  to  buy  enough  for  your  bedroom. 


LINOLEUM  i/ 

Usual  width  of  linoleum,  2  yards. 

The  price  of  linoleum  is  usually  given  per  square  yard,  but, 
like  carpet,  it  is  sold  by  the  linear  yard.  A  strip  of  linoleum  1  yard 
long  contains  two  square  yards. 


74  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

RULE.  —  To  find  the  number  of  yards  required,  use  the  same  rule 
as  for  carpets. 

To  find  the  number  of  square  yards  multiply  the  number  of 
linear  yards  required  by  2. 

EXEECISE  IV 

Problem.  —  Find  the  cost  of  linoleum,  2  yds.  wide,  at  $1.95  per  square 
yard,  for  a  kitchen  16'-0"  X  12'-0". 

Linoleum  is  2  yards  (  or  6  ft.  )  wide. 
If  laid  crosswise  it  will  take  JL6    or  22^  strips. 
If  laid  lengthwise,  it  will  take  -L^-,  or  2  strips. 
Hence  it  should  be  laid  lengthwise  to  avoid  waste. 
Each  strip  will  be  16  ft.  long. 

Then    2.-X_JU;L  Or  10%  is  the  number  of  yards  of  linoleum  required. 
X  2  X  $1.95  =  $41.60,  the  cost  of  the  linoleum. 


1.  Find  the  cost  of  18  yards  of  linoleum  at  $1.25  per  sq.  yd. 

2.  Of  14  yds.  at  $2.50  per  sq.  yd. 

3.  Of  25  yds.  at  $1.75  per  sq.  yd. 

4.  Of  17i/2  yds.  at  $2.25  per  sq.  yd. 

Find  the  number  of  strips  of  linoleum  needed  for  floors  of  the 
following  dimensions  if  the  linoleum  is  laid  lengthwise.  Crosswise. 
Which  is  the  more  economical  way  to  lay  it?  Find  the  cost  of  the 
linoleum  at  $1.85  per  square  yard. 

5.  21'-0"  X  18'-0". 

6.  17'-4"  X  13-0". 

7.  17'-0"  X  15-6". 

8.  24'-0"  X  17-6". 

9.  23'-0"  X  11-9".  - 

10.  In  order  to  use  a  12'  X  15'  rug  on  a  floor  IS'-O"  X  14'-0", 
a  border  of  plain  linoleum  was  laid,  leaving  the  floor  bare  under  the 
rug.    Find  the  cost  of  the  linoleum  at  $1.50  per  sq.  yd. 

11.  Compare  the  cost  of  linoleum  at  $2.15  per  square  yard  and 
clear  plain  oak  i/2"  X  3"  at  $49.50  per  M.  for  a  floor  27'-0"  X 
59'-6".    Use  the  contractor's  estimates  on  page  56  for  the  cost  of 
laying  the  floor. 

12.  As  in  the  preceding  example,  compare  the  cost  of  linoleum 
at  '$2.10  per  square  yard  and  clear  maple  13/16"  X  W  at  $54 
per  M  for  a  floor  20-0"  X  19'-0". 


OPERATION  75 

GAS  AND  ELECTRICITY 

Fuel  for  lighting,  heating,  and  cooking  forms  one  of  the  large 
items  in  the  cost  of  maintaining  the  home.  The  cost  of  fuel  varies 
greatly  in  different  localities,  and  depends  also  upon  the  kind  of 
fuel  as  well  as  upon  the  kind  of  equipment  used.  Gas  is  one  of 
the  most  convenient  kinds  of  fuel,  and  in  many  localities  it  is  cheap 
enough  to  be  practicable  for  general  use.  When  electricity  is  avail- 
able at  low  rates,  the  current  may  be  used  not  only  for  heat  and 
light,  but  also  for  the  operation  of  various  labor-saving  devices  such 
as  washing  machines,  sewing  machines,  etc.  Coal,  wood,  coke, 
and  kerosene  oil  are  the  kinds  of  fuel  in  common  use,  but  as  yet 
no  satisfactory  methods  have  been  devised  for  measuring  the 
amounts  required  for  household  uses. 


FIG.  11. — Gas  meter — index  reads  79,500  cubic  feet. 
GAS 

Gas  is  measured  according  to  the  number  of  cubic  feet  consumed. 
The  rate  varies  in  different  localities,  but  is  usually  stated  per  1000 
cubic  feet.  EXERCISE  v 

At  85  cents  per  1000  cubic  feet,  find  the  cost  of  gas  for  the 
month  when  the  following  amounts  have  been  consumed : 

1.  1000  cu.  ft. 

2.  4000  cu.  ft. 

3.  500  cu.  ft. 

4.  3500  cu.  ft. 

5.  7000  cu.  ft. 

EXERCISE  VI 

Fig.  11  represents  a  common  type  of  gas  meter  with  three  dials. 

The  hand  on  the  dial  on  the  right  moves  in  a  clockwise  direc- 
tion, the  hand  on  the  next  dial  moves  in  a  counter-clockwise 
direction,  arid  the  hand  on  the  third,  clockwise. 


76  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

The  first  dial  on  the  right  registers  hundreds  up  to  1000,  the 
next  registers  thousands  up  to  ten  thousand,  and  so  on.  To  illus- 
trate, when  the  hand  on  the  first  dial  has  made  one  complete  revolu- 
tion it  stands  at  zero,  and  the  hand  on  the  second  dial  stands  at  1, 
signifying  that  1000  cubic  feet  of  gas  have  been  measured. 

If  the  hand  points  between  two  numbers,  the  lower  number 
should  always  be  taken. 

The  following  pairs  of  numbers  represent  the  reading  of  gas 
meters  on  the  first  days  of  two  successive  months.  Draw  diagrams 
to  illustrate  the  two  readings  in  each  example,  and  find  the  number 
of  cu.  ft.  of  gas  used,  and  the  amount  of  the  bill  at  85  cents  per 
1000  cu.  ft. : 

1.  296300,  307200. 

2.  321200,  330200. 

3.  Read  one  of  the  gas  meters  in  school  on  two  different  days. 
Find  the  amount  of  gas  used  in  the  interval  and  the  cost  at  the 
local  rate. 

4.  Read  the  gas  meter  in  your  home  on  two  successive  days. 
Find  the  amount  of  gas  used  in  the  interval  and  the  cost  at  the 
local  rate. 

5.  At  90  cents  per  1000  cu.  ft.,  how  many  cubic  feet  of  gas 
should  be  allowed  for  every  quarter   dropped  into  the  "  quarter 
meter  »  ?    At  80  cents  ?    At  $1.25  ? 

6.  Read  the  gas  meter  in  your  home  at  the  beginning  and  at  the 
end  of  a  month,  and  determine  the  accuracy  of  the  gas  bills. 

7.  If  the  gas  rate  is  decreased  from  95  to  80  cents  per  1000 
cu.  ft,,  what  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  the  gas  bill?     What  is 
the  actual  annual  saving  in  a  home  where  'an  average  of  8500  cu.  ft. 
are  used  per  month? 

8.  If  you  have  a  quarter  meter  in  your  home,  read  it  several 
successive  times  when  a  quarter  is  inserted  and  determine  whether 
or  not  your  meter  is  registering  correctly. 

EXEECISE   VII 

The  cost  of  gas  for  cooking  and  for  lighting  can  be  estimated 
from  the  number  of  cubic  feet  used  per  hour  by  different  kinds  of 
burners.  The  following  table  presents  this  information  in  compact 
form: 


OPERATION  77 

TABLE  SHOWING  GAS  CONSUMPTION  PER  BURNER.* 

Name  of  burner  Cost  No.  of  cu.  ft.    No.  of  candle 

per  hour  power 

Climax  water  heater 50 

Oven 30 

Giant 18 

Star    12 

Simmerer    4 

Iron    $3.00  4 

Open  flame  light ...  8  30 

Welsbach    (upright)     50  6  50 

Welsbach,  inverted,  C.  E.  Z 1.30  3  60 

Welsbach,   junior    40  3  40 

No.  20  Reflex  . .  -. 8.25  20  300 

1.  By  carefully  planning  to  do  all  her  baking  on  the  same  day, 
a  woman  found  that  she  required  the  oven  for  three  hours  one  day 
a  week.    If  she  had  been  using  the  oven  on  an  average  of  an  hour 
a  day,  what  was  the  actual  saving  of  gas  per  year?     At  $1.10  a 
thousand,  what  is  the  saving? 

2.  The  laundress  used  the  water  heater  four  hours  a  day,  one 
day  a  week.    At  90  cents  per  1000  cu.  ft.,  how  much  does  the  cost 
of  hot  water  add  to  the  cost  of  labor  in  a  year  ? 

3.  Four  Welsbach  lights  are  used  to  replace  eight  open-flame 
burners.    If  the  lights  are  used  on  an  average  of  three  hours  a  day, 
find  the  actual  saving  per  hour.    How  many  hours  will  it  take  to 
save  the  cost  of  the  Welsbach  lights  with  gas  at  95  cents  per 
1000  cu.  ft.? 

4.  If  six  Welsbach  inverted   (C.  E.  Z.)   burners  are  used  to 
replace  twelve  open-flame  burners,  find  the  actual  saving  per  hour  if 
gas  costs  85  cents  per  1000  cu.  ft.    At  this  rate,  how  many  hours 
of  use  would  be  necessary  to  save  cost  of  the  C.  E.  Z.  burners  ? 

5.  Make  a  table  showing : 

(a)  The  number  of  cu.  ft.  of  gas  used  per  candle  power 

per  hour  by  each  of  the  lights  in  table  on  this  page 

(use  4  decimals). 
(^)  The  cqst  of  each  light  per  candle  power  per  hour  at 

$.90  per  1000  cu.  ft.,  or  at  the  local  rate,  using  6 

decimals.2 

_ x  The  figures  given  are  those  furnished  by  The  Public  Service  Gas  Co., 
Plainfield,  N.  J.  They  are  subject  to  variation  due  to  pressure,  kind  of 
gas,  and  state  of  the  burner. 

8  In  making  this  table,  allow  space  for  similar  data  with  reference  to 
electric  lights. 


78  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

6.  Represent  graphically: 

(a)   The  number  of  cu.  ft.   used  per  candle  power   per 

hour  by  each  of  the  burners. 
(&)   Cost  of  each  light  per  candle  power  per  hour. 

7.  Using  each  of  the  different  burners,  find  the  cost  per  hour 
of  lighting  a  building  which  requires  about  3000  candle  power. 

8.  After  the  installation  of  a  water  heater  the  average  monthly 
gas  bill  increased  from  $2.85  to  $3.30.    If  the  gas  rate  is  $.90  per 
1000  cu.  ft.,  find  the  average  number  of  cu.  ft.  of  gas  used  in  the 
gas  heater  in  a  month.     How  many  hours  is  the  heater  used  ? 

9.  After  buying  a  gas  iron,  the  monthly  bill  decreased  from  $4.15 
to  $3.90.    At  this  rate,  what  amount  would  be  saved  in  a  year  ? 

10.  In  order  to  save  50  cents  a  month  in  gas,  how  large  a  reduc- 
tion must  be  made  in  the  number  of  cu.  ft.  of  gas  consumed  at 
$1.10  per  1000  cu.  ft.? 

ELECTRICITY 

Electricity  is  not  a  fuel,  but  it  may  be  used  as  a  source  of  light, 
power,  and  heat.  The  amount  of  electricity  used  is  measured  in 
watts,  a  unit  for  measuring  electric  current.  The  rate  is  based  on 
the  number  of  1000-watts  used  per  hour,  or  kilowatt-hours  (k.  w.  h.) . 
Kilo  means  1000. 

An  electric  meter  is  similar  to  a  gas  meter;  the  hand  of  the 
first  dial  on  the  right  moves  to  the  right,  the  hand  of  the  next 
dial  moves  to  the  left,  and  so  on.  In  the  electric  meter,  the  first 
dial  usually  records  units  up  to  10  k.  w.  h.,  the  second  tens  up  to 
100,  and  so  on.  For  example,  the  reading  on  the  first  dial  in  Fig.  12 
is  584  k.  w.  h. 

If  the  hand  points  between  two  numbers,  the  lower  number 
should  always  be  taken. 

EXERCISE  VIII 

The  following  pairs  of  numbers  represent  readings  of  electric 
meters  on  the  first  days  of  two  successive  months.  Draw  diagrams 
to  illustrate  the  two  readings  in  each  example,  and  find  the  number 
of  k.  w.  h.  used  in  the  amount  of  the  bill  at  $.08  per  k.  w.  h. 
(Fig.  13). 

1.  346;  427. 

2.  8354;  8921. 

3.  518;  999. 


OPERATION 


79 


FIG.  12.— Electric  meter  (Courtesy  Good  Housekeeping  Institute,  N.  Y.  City). 


80  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

4.  Bead  one  of  the  electric  meters  in  school  on  two  different 
days.     Find  the  number  of  kilowatt  hours  used,  and  the  cost  at 
7%  cents  per  k.  w.  h.  (or  the  local  rate). 

5.  The  rate  for  electric  current  is  reduced  from  11  to  8%  cents 
per  k.  w.  h.    Find  the.  per  cent  of  saving. 

6.  The  rate  for  electric  current  is  increased  from  7  to  9%  cents 
per  k.  w.  h.     Find  the  per  cent,  of  increase.     Find  the  actual 
increase  for  a  family  that  used  an  average  of  35  k.  w.  h.  per  month. 

7.  See  Fig.  12.     The  second  group  of  dials  from  the  bottom 
illustrates  Mr.  Smith's  meter  at  the  end  of  the  month  of  July. 
Through  an  accident  the  cover  over  the  dial  was  broken  and  the 


KILOWATT  HOURS 

FIG.   13. — Dial  of  a  watt-hour  meter. 

hand  on  the  second  dial  from  the  right  was  bent  so  that  it  stood 
slightly  to  the  right  of  the  figure  2  instead  of  a  little  to  the  left. 
The  man  who  read  the  meter  did  not  discover  the  error.  He  fol- 
lowed the  rule  as  given  on  page  78  for  the  reading  of  the  meter. 
What  difference  did  the  accident  make  in  the  gas  bill  for  July  on 
the  basis  of  10  cents  per  k.  w.  h.  ? 

8.  Mr.  Smith  later  discovered  what  was  wrong  with  the  meter 
and  notified  the  company.  How  did  he  detect  the  error? 

EXERCISE  IX 

Electricity  is  an  expensive  source  of  heat,  but  the  amount  of 
heat  can  be  regulated  and  there  is  very  little  loss  due  to  radiation. 
Moreover,  it  is  the  only  source  of  heat  for  cooking  which  gives  off 
no  products  of  combustion. 

The  cost  of  electricity  for  heating  and  lighting  can  be  esti- 
mated from  the  number  of  watts  used  per  hour  by  the  various 
kinds  of  electric  bulbs  and  electric  attachments. 


OPERATION  81 

TABLE  SHOWING  THE  NUMBER  OF  WATTS  USED  PER  HOUR  BY  VARIOUS 
ELECTRICAL  APPLIANCES'* 

Name  of  appliance        Cost  of  instrument  Candle  power  Watts  per  hour 

Disk   (6  in.)   stove $8.50                          600 

Disk  (10  in.)  stove 13.00                          1100 

Iron    3.00                           500 

Vacuum  cleaner   47.50  ....  135 

Carbon   bulb 15  16  60 

Mazda  bulb    19  12  15 

Mazda  bulb    19  23  25 

Mazda  bulb     19  39  40 

Mazda  bulb     25  60  60 

Mazda  bulb     1.85  350  350 

Nitrogen  bulb 44  95  75 

At  9  cents  per  k.  w.  h.,  or  the  local  rate,  find  the  cost  per  hour 
of  each  of  the  following  electrical  appliances : 

1.  6-in.  disk. 

2.  10-in.  disk. 

3.  Vacuum  cleaner. 

4.  Iron. 

5.  If  a  6-in.  disk  is  used  instead  of  an  ordinary  star  gas  burner, 
what  is  the  actual  difference  in  cost  per  hour  if  the  rate  for  gas 
is  $.90  per  1000  cu.  ft.,  and  the  rate  for  electricity  is  $.10  per  k.  w.  h.  ? 

6.  (a)   If  a  gas  iron  is  used  instead  of  an  electric  iron,  what 
is  the  difference  in  cost  per  hour  if  the  rate  for  gas  is  $1  per  1000 
cu.  ft.  and  the  rate  for  electricity  is  $.12  per  k.  w.  h.  ?     (6)   What 
will  this  difference  amount  to  in  a  year  if  the  iron  is  used  eight 
hours  a  week  ? 

7.  If  an  electric  iron  is  used  eight  hours  a  day,  how  much  does 
the  cost  of  the  electricity  at  $.12  per  k.  w.  h.  add  to  the  labor 
cost  of  the  work  ? 

8.  Make  a  table  showing:  (a)  The  number  of  watts  used  per 
candle  power  per  hour  by  each  of  the  electric  bulbs  in  the  table. 
(Use  two  decimals.)     (&)  The  cost  per  candle  power  per  hour  at 
9  cents  per  k.  w.  h.,  or  the  local  rate.     (Use  six  decimals.) 

9.  Represent  graphically  the  data  in  problem  8. 

10.  Find  the  cost  per  hour  of  the  electricity  used  by  each  of 
.  the   six  kinds  of  bulbs  in  lighting  a  hall  that  requires  a  total 

illumination  of  about  1800  candle  power. 

3  These  figures  were  furnished  by  the  Public  Service  Electric  Company, 
Plainfield,  N.  J. 


82  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

11.  A  15-watt,  Mazda  bulb  is  used  to  replace  a  16-candle  power 
carbon  light  that  is  used  as  a  night  light  on  an  average  of  nine 
hours  each  night.     Find  the  actual  amount  saved  in  a  year. 

12.  If  the  owner  of  a  house  replaces  24  carbon  bulbs  with  an 
equal   number  of  40-watt,   Mazda  bulbs,    (a)    What  is  the  total 
increase  in  candle  power?     (&)  What  is  the  total  decrease  in  watts 
per  hour  ?    (c)  What  is  the  total  saving  per  hour  at  $.09  per  k.  w.  h.  ? 
(d)   What  is  the  total  cost  of  the  new  bulbs?     (e)   What  is  the 
total  number  of  hours'  use  required  to  save  the  cost  of  the  new  bulbs  ? 

13.  What  is  the  difference  in  cost  per  100  hours  between  two 
40-watt,  Mazda  bulbs  and  one  75-watt,  nitrogen  bulb  ? 

14.  At  the  local  rate,  compare  the  cost  of  using  two  40-candle 
power,  Welsbach,  junior  gaslights  and  electric  lights  of  about  the 
same  candle  power  for  100  hours. 

15.  Estimate  the  cost  per  hour  of  lighting  the  school  assembly 
room  at  the  local  rate. 

16.  At  the  local  rates,  estimate  the  cost  of  lighting  a  lecture  hall 
from  7.30  to  11  P.M.  with  250  forty-watt,  Mazda  bulbs. 

17.  At  the  local  rates,  compare  the  cost  per  hour  of  lighting  a 
church  with  eight  No.  20  Reflex  gaslights  and  with  sixty  40-watt, 
tungsten  electric  light  bulbs. 

18.  A  nitrogen  bulb  uses  about  0.8  watt  per  candle  power.     If 
300  watt  nitrogen  bulbs  are  used  instead  of  350  watt  Mazdas,  what 
is  the  gain  in  candle  power?    The  total  saving  in  the  cost  of  cur- 
rent per  hour  on  165  street  lights  at  51/2  cents  per  k.  w.  h.  ?    The 
total  saving  to  the  city  per  year  if  the  lights  burn  eight  hours  every 
night  ? 

19.  Illustrate  graphically  the  relative   cost  per  candle  power 
per  hour  of  open-flame  and  Welsbach  gaslights  and  of  carbon,  tung- 
sten and  nitrogen  bulbs. 

HOUSEHOLD  SERVICE 

In  a  large  proportion  of  homes  the  greater  part  of  the  household 
work  is  performed  by  the  housewife.  She  adds  to  the  family  income 
by  her  work  as  truly  as  her  husband  does  by  his.  Although  there  is 
no  increase  of  income  as  far  as  actual  money  received  is  concerned, 
nevertheless  the  work  of  the  wife  has  a  value  which  can  be  trans- 
lated into  terms  of  money. 


OPERATION  83 

The  housewife  serves  not  only  as  cook,  laundress,  etc.,  but  as 
manager  of  the  business.  As  such  her  services  have  a  higher  value 
than  the  services  of  those  whom  she  employs.  This  value  will  vary 
with  different  families,  and  in  different  localities  and  will  depend 
on  the  efficiency  of  the  housewife  herself . 

EXERCISE  X 

In  the  following  problems  consider  the  housewife's  services  as 
worth  30  cents  an  hour  unless  otherwise  stated : 

1.  If  Mrs.  Arnold  spends   10  hours  making  a  dress  for  her 
daughter,  the  materials  for  which  cost  $2.50,  estimate  the  value  of 
the  completed  dress. 

2.  Mrs.  Dickens  spends  35  hours  a  week  preparing  the  food  for 
the  family  and  washing  the  dishes.    What  does  she  add  to  the  annual 
family  income  by  this  service? 

3.  Mrs.  Gilman  is  planning  to  buy  a  dress  for  her  daughter. 
She  can  buy  a  ready-made  dress  for  $15  or  she  can  buy  the  materials 
for  $10.50  and  make  the  dress  at  home.     If  she  makes  the  dress 
at  home  she  will  have  to  hire  extra  help  for  her  housework  for  16 
hours  at  20  cents  an  hour.    What  would  you  advise  her  to  do  ? 

4.  Mrs.  Simmons  works  34  hours  a  week  preparing  meals  and 
clearing  them  away,  9  hours  buying  and  making  and  repairing 
clothes,  12  hours  on  laundry  work,  9  hours  on  cleaning,  10  hours 
looking  after  the  children,  and  3  hours  in  planning  and  management. 
Mary,  age  12,  works  3  hours  a  week,  and  John,  age  10,  works  2  hours 
a  week.    Consider  the  value  of  Mary's  work  at  10  cents  an  hour,  and 
John's  as  8  cents  an  hour.     How  much  is  added  to  the  family 
income  by  the  work  of  these  three  ? 

5.  What  per  cent,  of  the  time  does  Mrs.  Simmons  spend  on  each 
kind  of  work?    How  much  does  her  work  increase  the  value  of  the 
food  materials  purchased?    Of  the  materials  for  clothing  and  the 
clothing  purchased  ? 

6.  Mrs.  Goodwin  dislikes  to  do  laundry  work  and  cleaning,  but 
finds  that  she  can  write  for  magazines  with  some  small  degree  of 
success.     If  the  washing  and  ironing  take  on  an  average  12  hours  a 
week,  and  the  cleaning  6  hours,  how  much  must  she  earn  by  her 
writing  to  pay  for  the  services  of  a  worker  at  20  cents  an  hour  to  do 
this  work? 

7.  Mrs.  Johnson  spends  one  hour  twice  a  week  in  doing  the 


84  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

marketing,  and  once  a  week  she  goes  to  the  down-town  market, 
paying  10  cents  car  fare  and  spending  two  hours.  She  finds  that 
by  use  of  the  telephone  she  can  do  her  ordering  satisfactorily, 
spending  only  two  hours  a  week.  How  much  time  is  saved  ?  Will 
the  value  of  the  time  saved  equal  the  cost  of  the  telephone  at 
$2  a  month? 

8.  When  Mary  Baker  was  assisting  her  mother  with  the  house- 
work, she  decided  to  try  the  plan  of  washing  dishes  only  once  a 
day.     She  found  that  she  saved  by  this  means  on  an  average  of 
15  minutes  a  day.     If  her  time  was  worth  15  cents  an  hour,  what 
did  the  saving  amount  to  in  a  year  ? 

9.  Mrs.  Peck  had  a  large  old-fashioned  kitchen  in  which  she 
wasted  much  time  because  the  distances  between  the  sink,  cupboards, 
stove,  etc.,  were  so  great.     She  remodeled  her  kitchen,  arranging  it 
according  to  the  plan  of  an  efficient  kitchen.    After  doing  this  she 
found  that  the  time  consumed  in  preparing  a  meal  was  10  minutes 
less.     How  much  time  did  she  save  during  a  year  ?    What  was  the 
value  of  this  time  made  available  for  other  uses  ? 

10.  Estimate  the  number  of  hours  per  week  spent  in  your  home 
on  cleaning,  dusting,  and  washing  windows.    How  many  hours  are 
spent  per  year?    At  20  cents  per  hour,  what  is  the  annual  cost  of 
cleanness  ? 

11.  Estimate  the  number  of  hours  per  day  spent  in  the  care 
and  maintenance  of  your  home,  including  everything  that  pertains 
to  cleaning,  cooking,  marketing,  and  necessary  repairs.    What  would 
be  a  reasonable  rate  to  pay  for  such  services  in  this  locality  ?    On  this 
basis  estimate  the  value  of  the  increase  made  in  the  income  if  this 
work  is  done  by  members  of  the  family.    How  much  do  you  add  to 
the  family  income? 

12.  What  truth  is  there  in  the  old  saying,  "  Two  can  live  as 
cheaply  as  one  ?  " 

EXERCISE  XI 

If  a  family  has  an  income  of  $1500  or  less,  the  10  or  15  per  cent, 
allowed  for  operation  will  be  needed  almost  entirely  for  fuel,  light, 
refurnishing,  and  household  supplies.  Hence  little  if  any  allowance 
can  be  made  for  wages  paid  for  service. 

For  incomes  from  $1500  to  $3000  a  safe  rule  might  be:  Allow 
one-third  as  much  for  service  as  for  rent. 


OPERATION  85 

For  incomes  above  $3000,  allow  one-half  as  much  for  service 
as  for  rent. 

Rent  is  usually  not  over  one-fifth  of  the  budget;  see  p.  19. 

These  rules  are  subject  to  many  qualifications  and  should  be  ap- 
plied with  discretion. 

Using  the  above  rules,  estimate  the  allowance  for  service  for 
families  with  the  following  incomes : 

1.  $1840. 

2.  $3400. 

3.  $5000. 

4.  How  much  can  a  family  whose  income  is  $2800  afford  to  pay 
a  week  for  a  maid  and  for  the  care  of  furnace,  lawn,  etc.  ? 

5.  Can  a  family  with  an  income  of  $2500  afford  to  pay  $5  a  week 
for  a  maid,  if  $1  a  month  must  be  paid  for  other  service  ? 

6.  Mrs.  Jackson's  home  is  valued  at  $3750.     How  much  may 
she  allow  in  her  budget  for  service  ? 

7.  A  family  whose  total  income  is  $2600  pays  $.25  per  month  for 
removing  garbage,  $.20  a  month  for  removing  ashes,  etc.,  $3  a  month 
for  9  months  for  care  of  furnace.     How  much  more  can  they  spend 
per  week  for  services  of  a  woman  for  house  cleaning  and  laundry  ? 

8.  Can  a  family  with  an  income  of  $1500  afford  to  pay  $2  a 
week  for  laundry  and  cleaning,  if  this  is  the  only  expense  for 
service  ? 

9.  Mrs.  Armstrong  pays  a  maid  $4  per  week  with  board  for  8 
hours'  service  per  week-day  and  4  hours  on  Sunday,  paying  one 
and  a  half  times  the  regular  rate  for  overtime.     During  a  month 
she  required  6  hours  overtime  service.    What  did  the  maid  receive  ? 
What  is  the  minimum  annual  income  to  justify  this  expenditure  ? 

10.  Mrs.  Jones  has  been  hiring  the  services  of  a  houseworker 
5  hours  a  day  for  6  days  in  the  week  at  20  cents  an  hour.     She 
finds  that  she  can  get  a  maid  for  $5  a  week  and  board.    If  board  is 
worth  $4.50  a  week,  how  much  more  will  the  services  of  the  maid 
cost  her  than  those  of  the  houseworker? 

11.  Compare  the  cost  of  service  by  the  hour  at  20  cents,  including 
lunch  valued  at  15  cents,  with  the  cost  of  service  by  the  week  at 
$6,  including  board  at  $5.50.     Make  the  comparison  on  the  basis 
of  an  8-hour  day. 

12.  Discuss  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  the  two  kinds 
of  service  mentioned  in  Nos.  10  and  11. 


CLOTHING 


V 


CLOTHING 

PERSONAL  AND  FAMILY  BUDGETS  FOR  CLOTHING 

IN  planning  a  clothing  budget,  the  housewife  will  consider  two 
things:  How  much  money  she  can  afford  to  spend  for  clothing, 
and  how  to  divide  this  amount  so  as  best  to  meet  the  needs  of  indi- 
vidual members  of  the  family.  According  to  studies  of  budgets, 
10  per  cent,  to  15  per  cent,  of  the  family  income  may  be  allowed 
for  clothing.  Of  this  amount  the  husband's  clothing  will  prob- 
ably claim  the  largest  proportion,  if  the  income  is  below  $2000!; 
and  the  wife's  clothing,  if  the  income  is  above  $2000.  The  amounts 
allowed  for  individual  children  will  vary  according  to  age  and  sex. 
After  the  children  reach  the  ages  of  13  and  14  years  an  increasingly 
larger  proportion  will  have  to  be  spent  for  their  clothing. 

The  following  are  suggested  divisions  of  the  clothing  budgets  for 
typical  American  families: 

ESTIMATED  ALLOWANCE  FOR  CLOTHING  EXPRESSED  AS  A  PERCENTAGE  OF  THE 
TOTAL  ALLOWANCE  FOR  CLOTHING. 

Husband  Wife  Children 

Income  less  than  $2000  35%  20%  45% 

Income  $2000  or  more  30%  35%  35% 

An  independent  working  girl  or  a  business  woman  spends  from 
10  per  cent,  to  15  per  cent,  of  her  Income  for  clothing.  If  her 
income  is  sufficient  to  allow  her  to  spend  $125  or  more  per  year 
for  her  clothing,  her  budget  might  be  divided  as  follows :  25  per  cent, 
for  coats,  suits,  and  furs ;  25  per  cent,  for  dresses,  waists,  and  skirts ; 
15  per  cent,  for  underwear,  nightgowns,  and  hosiery;  15  per  cent, 
for  hats  and  gloves;  10  per  cent,  for  shoes  and  overshoes;  10  per 
cent,  for  sundries. 

These  divisions  may  be  used  in  planning  a  clothing  budget  for 
any  woman,  whether  she  be  a  housekeeper,  college  girl,  or  business 
woman.  In  doing  this  it  is  well  to  keep  in  mind  the  needs  of  more 
than  one  year,  as  many  of  the  articles  of  wearing  apparel  last  two 
or  three  or  more  years.  Hence  a  three-year  basis  has  been  found 
to  be  satisfactory  in  planning  clothing  expenditures. 

89 


90  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

. 

EXERCISE  I 

In  the  following  examples  use  the  budget  divisions  suggested 
above,  both  for  the  family  budgets  and  for  the  personal  budgets. 

1.  The  following  were  the  expenditures  for  clothing  for  the 
family   of   a   mill-worker   whose   income   for    1910   was   $401.70; 
Father,  $31.65;  mother,  $22.9.4;  daughter,  age   11,  $17.32;  son, 
age  8,  $10.75 ;  daughter,  age  4,  $5.82 ;  daughter,  age  1,  $2.27.*    What 
per  cent  of  the  income   was  expended  for   clothing  ?     What  per 
cent,   of  the   total   amount  for   clothing  was   expended  for  each 
member  of  the  family? 

2.  The  following  was  given  in  1911  as  a  fair  standard  for  a  cloth- 
ing budget  of  the  wife  of  a  southern  mill-worker,  whose  income  is 
$600:  1  suit,  $5.75;  2  percale  waists,  60  cents;  1  flannelette  waist, 
50  cents ;  2  white  waists,  $2 ;  2  duck  skirts,  $2 ;  2  calico  dresses,  $1.50 ; 
2  dressing  sacques,  60  cents;  2  gingham  aprons,  50  cents;  2  petti- 
coats, $1.60 ;  2  undershirts,  50  cents ;  1  felt  hat,  $2 ;  1  straw  hat,  $2  ; 
stockings,  $2 ;  2  pairs  of  shoes,  $4 ;  4  handkerchiefs,  20  cents ;  1  pair 
gloves,  50  cents.1    Classify  the  above  items  and  find  what  per  cent, 
of  the  total  is  allowed  for  each  division. 

3.  The   following  is  a   clothing  budget.     A  teacher  with   an 
income  of  $900  a  year  made  the  following  expenditures  for  clothing 
for  one  year :  Winter  coat,  $20 ;  tailor-made  suit,  $45 ;  2  hats,  $5 ; 
crepe  waist,  $5 ;  street  dresses,  $20 ;  2  pair  high  shoes,  $10 ;  1  pair  of 
low  shoes,  $4;  underwear,  $10;  8  pair  stockings,  $3.50;  2  home- 
made house  dresses,  $1.50 ;  sweater,  $3 ;  2  pair  gloves,  $4 ;  incidentals, 
$3.     Classify  the  items  and  find  out  what  per  cent,  is  allowed  for 
each  division. 

4.  A  girl  who  was  going  to  college  made  out  the  following 
budget  for  clothing  for  her  first  three  years :  Suits  and  coats,  $110; 
dresses,  waists,  and  skirts,  $115;  underwear,  $70;  shoes,  $40;  hats 
and  gloves,  $60 ;  sundries,  $45.     What  was  the  average  amount 
allowed  for  each  year  ?    What  per  cent,  of  the  total  was  allowed  for 
each  division  ?    Make  out  a  detailed  budget  of  the  articles  that  she 
might  buy  with  the  amount  allowed  for  dresses,  etc. 

1  Report  on  Condition  of  Woman  and  Child  Wage-Earners  in  the 
United  States,  Volume  xvi:  Family  Budgets  of  Typical  Cotton-Mill 
Workers.  1911. 


CLOTHING  91 

5.  A  girl  in  business  with  an  income  of  $15  a  week  made  out 
the  following  budget  for  her  clothing  for  three  years :  $75  for  two 
suits  and  one  coat;  $80  for  dresses,  waists,  and  skirts;  $30  for 
underwear,  nightgowns,  and  hosiery;  $42  for  shoes  and  overshoes; 
$45  for  hats  and  gloves ;  $30  for  miscellaneous  expenditures.    What 
would  be  her  average  expenditure  for  clothes  each  year?     Each 
month?    What  per  cent,  of  her  income  was  she  planning  to  spend 
for  clothes?     What  per  cent,  of  the  total  clothing  budget  did  she 
plan  to  spend  for  each  division?    Make  out  a  detailed  budget  for 
her  shoes. 

6.  Mrs.  Jackson  allows  $350  for  the  clothing  for  her  family, 
consisting  of  the  following  members :  Herself ;  Mr.  Jackson ;  Doro- 
thy, age  10 ;  Helen,  age  7 ;  Robert,  age  3.    Apportion  the  allowance 
among  the  different  members  of  the  family. 

7.  Make  out  a  personal  budget  for  Mrs.  Jackson,  giving  the 
amount  to  be  allowed  for  each  division. 

8.  In  the  family  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Simmons  there  are  three  chil- 
dren :  Mary,  age  12 ;  John,  age  10 ;  and  Sarah,  age  3.    The  family 
income  is  $2300.     If  20  per  cent,  of  this  is  allowed  for  clothing, 
how  much  would  you  allow  for  each  member  of  the  family  ? 

9.  Make  out  a  personal  budget  for  Mrs.  Simmons'  clothing. 

10.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown  have  an  income  of  $1800.    They  plan  to 
allow  for  the  clothing  for  themselves,  and  their  children,  Harold,  age 
6,  and  Margaret,  age  14,  only  15  per  cent,  of  the  income.    How  shall 
the  15  per  cent,  be  divided  among  the  four  of  them? 

11.  Make  out  a  clothing  budget  for  Margaret. 

12.  Make  an  inventory  of  your  own  clothing,  with  the  cost  of 
each  article.     Find  the  total  cost  and  the  per  cent,  spent  on  each 
division. 

13.  The  following  is  a  suggestive  list  of  clothing  for  a  high  school 
girl  for  one  year.     With  this  as  a  basis,  make  a  budget  for  your 
own  clothing  for  a  year,  using  local  prices.     Articles  which  are  left 
over  from  the  year  before  may  be  listed  without  the  cost :. 

Coats  and  suits:  2  white  dress  skirts 

1  sweater  1  serge  skirt 

1   winter  coat  3  middies 

1  spring  coat  1  party  dress 

Dresses,  waists,  skirts:  Underwear,    nightgowns,    and     hos- 

2  summer  dresses  iery: 

1   wool  dress  3  summer  vests 


92  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

3  winter  union  suits  1  pair  wool  gloves 

1  corset  waist  1  pair  kid  gloves 
3  combination  suits 

2  white  petticoats  Shoes  and  overshoes : 

1  black  petticoat  1  pair  high  shoes 

2  summer  nightgowns  2  pair  low  shoes 
2  winter  nightgowns  1  pair  sneakers 
1  kimono  1  pair  rubbers 

1  pair  bloomers  Sundries: 

6  pair  stockings  1  umbrella 

handkerchiefs 

Hats  and  gloves :  ties 

1  winter  hat  collars 

1  summer  hat  aprons 
1  pair  white  gloves 

ECONOMY  IN  SHOPPING 

Skill  in  buying  and  making  clothing  may  make  the  budget 
allowance  "  go  farther."  This  involves  knowledge  of  fabrics,  accu- 
racy in  calculating  the  amount  of  material  required  and  the  value 
of  the  labor  involved  in  making  garments.  It  also  involves  knowing 
when  and  where  to  buy  in  order  to  take  advantage  of  discounts  and 
reductions  in  prices. 

EXERCISE    II 

1.  What  is  the  actual  saving  if  a  gross  of  pearl  buttons  are 
bought  at  $1.35  per  gross  instead  of  by  the  dozen  at  12  cents  a 
dozen  ?    What  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  ? 

2.  What  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  buying  handkerchiefs  2  for 
25  cents  over  buying  them  at  15  cents  apiece  ? 

3.  What  is  the  actual  saving  in  buying  12  yards  of  lace  by  the 
piece  at  $2.16  over  buying  the  same  amount  by  the  yard  at  20  cents  a 
yard  ?    What  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  ? 

4.  If  underwear  muslin  costs  30  cents  per  yard  or  $3.45  per  12- 
yd.  piece,  what  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  buying  it  by  the  piece  ? 

5.  Some  merchants  offer  6  per  cent,  discount  on  muslin  sold  by 
the  piece  instead  of  by  the  yard.    What  would  be  the  actual  saving 
on  a  12-yard  piece  if  the  muslin  were  35  cents  a  yard?     What 
would  be  the  resulting  price  per  yard? 

6.  In  buying  plaid  for  a  kilted  skirt,  Mary  bought  4  yards  when 
3y2  would  have  been  enough.     If  the  extra  y2  yard  could  not  be 
used,  what  was  the  per  cent,  of  increase  in  the  cost  of  the  material 
due  to  inaccurate  estimating  ? 


CLOTHING  93 

7.  Estimate  the  cost  of  inaccuracy  if  10  yards  of.  taffeta  silk  at 
$1.75  per  yard  were  purchased  for  a  dress  that  required  only  7% 
yards. 

8.  Through  carelessness  in  measuring  the  windows,  Mrs.  Kaf- 
ferty  lacked  .10  inches  of  having  enough  material  for  the  fourth 
window  of  the  dining-room,  and  had  to  buy  2 1/2  yards  more  net  at 
37  cents  a  yard.    Find  the  cost  of  her  carelessness. 

HOME  DRESS-MAKING 

There  are  advantages  in  making  some  of  the  clothing  at  home 
if  either  the  home-maker  or  her  daughter  has  the  time  necessary  for 
the  work.  First  of  all5  there  is  the  advantage  of  knowing  from 
experience  that  labor  is  an  important  item  in  the  cost  of  clothing. 
Then  home-made  garments  usually  last  longer  because  a  better  grade 
of  material  is  purchased  than  is  used  for  similar  garments  in  the 
factory.  There  is  also  a  small  saving  of  money  in  that  the  actual 
outlay  covers  only  the  cost  of  material  exclusive  of  labor.  Moreover, 
the  girl  or  woman  who  learns  to  make  her  own  clothes  gains  skill 
that  may  be  used  in  altering  ready-made  clothes  and  in  renovating 
and  remodeling  partly  worn  garments  as  occasion  may  demand. 

EXERCISE    III 

In  making  estimates  use  the  following  data : 

(a)   A  kimono  nightgown  requires  3^  yards  of  material,  2%  yards  of 

trimming,  and  %  spool  of  thread. 
(6)   A   petticoat  requires   3%   yards  of  material,   3  yards  of  lace  or 

embroidery,  %  spool  of  thread,  and  5%  yards  of  bias   tape. 
(c)   A  combination  corset  cover  and   drawers   requires   2y3   yards   of 

material,    6   yards   of   lace,    1   yard   of   beading,   and    %    spool 

of  thread. 

1.  Estimate  the  cost  of  a  nightgown  if  longcloth  at  35  cents 
a  yard  is  used,  lace  at  12  cents  a  yard,  and  thread  at  6  cents  a  spool. 

2.  Estimate  the  cost  of  a  petticoat  and  combination  suit  if  long- 
cloth  at  30  cents  a  yard  is  used,  lace  at  18  cents  a  yard,  thread  at 
6  cents  a  spool,  beading  at  12  cents  a  yard,  and  bias  tape  at  15  cents 
for  a  12-yard  piece. 

3.  Estimate  the  cost  of  the  materials  for  the  following  under- 
wear:  3   nightgowns,   2   petticoats,   and  4   combination   suits,  j.f 
cambric  at  32  cents  a  yard  is  used,  lace  at  10  cents  a  yard,  bias  tape 
at  14  cents  per  12-yard  piece,  beading  at  8  cents  a  yard,  and  thread 
at  6  cents  a  spool,  • 


94  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

4.  Ready-made  garments,  similar  to  the  above  but  of  somewhat 
inferior  quality,  may  be  purchased  for  the  following  prices :  Night- 
gowns at  $1.75  apiece,  combination  suits  at  $2  apiece,  petticoats  at 
$2.25  apiece.    Find  the  total  cost  of  the  ready-made  garments.    How 
much  is  saved  by  making  the  garments  at  home  as  in  problem  3  ? 

5.  If  it  takes  4  hours  to  make  a  combination  suit,  l1/^  hours  to 
make  a  nightgown,  and  6  hours  to  make  a  petticoat,  what  is  the 
total  amount  of  time  consumed  in  making  the  complete  set  of  under- 
wear ?    If  the  difference  in  cost  between  the  ready-made  and  home- 
made garments  represents  the  value  of  the  home  work,  how  much 
is  earned  per  hour  ? 

6.  Jane  Stewart  needs  the  following  underwear :  2  nightgowns, 
3  combination  suits,  and  1  petticoat.     She  can  buy  them  at  the 
following  prices:  Nightgowns  at  $2  apiece,  combination  suits  at 
$2.25  apiece,  and  petticoats  at  $2.50  apiece.     Or  she  can  purchase 
materials  at  the  following  prices :  Cambric  at  35  cents  per  yard, 
embroidery  at  10  cents  per  yard,  bias  tape  at  15  cents  per  12-yard 
piece,  beading  at  10  cents  per  yard,  and  thread  at  6  cents  a  spool. 
Compare  the  cost  of  the  ready-made  and  home-made  underwear. 
How  much  time  will  it  take  to  make  the  underwear  at  home  ?    How 
much  does  Jane  earn  per  hour  for  her  work  ? 

7.  Mrs.  Jones  can  buy  a  georgette  crepe  waist  for  $10,  or  the 
materials  to  make  it  for  $8.30.    It  will  take  her  17  hours  to  make  the 
waist.     Is  it  more  profitable  to  make  the  waist  or  buy  it?     Could 
she  afford  to  have  the  waist  made  ? 

8.  Mrs.  Potter,  a  young  wife,  found  that  she  could  not  buy  a 
spring  suit  for  less  than  $30.     So  she  decided  to  buy  the  following 
material  and  make  it  herself. 

4%  yds.  of  shepherds-plaid  suiting  at  $1.50  per  yd. 

1%  yds.  of  sateen  at  20  cents  a  yd. 

8  buttons  at  75  cents  a  dozen 

8  yds.  of  14-inch  silk  braid  at  10  cents  per  yd. 

%  yd.  of  belting  at  15  cents  per  yd. 

2  spools  of  silk  at  10  cents  per  spool 

1  pattern  at  20  cents 

1  piece  of  seam  binding  purchased  at  a  sale  for  10  cents. 

What  did  her  suit  cost  her,  not  counting  her  labor  ?    What  did  she 
save  by  making  it  herself  ? 


CLOTHING 


95 


Garment 

Kind  of  Material 

Am't  required 
for  1  garment 

Price 

Serge  dress  

Serge  

3l/2  yards.  .  . 

$2.25  per  yard. 

Braid 

43^  yards.  .  . 

.08  per  yard. 

Sateen              .... 

\4.  yard  . 

.50  per  yard. 

Seam-binding  

A                      J 

4  yards  

.15  per  10  yards. 

• 

Thread  
Belt 

1  spool  
1 

.15. 
1.00 

Snaps 

8 

.10  per  dozen 

Messaline  tie 

1 

.75. 

Wool  skirt  

Serge 

2  yards 

2.40  per  yard 

Belting 

27  inches 

.25  per  yard. 

White  cotton  skirt  .  . 

Sewing  silk  
Thread  
Hooks  and  eyes  .... 
Snaps  
White  rep  
Buttons 

£  spool  
i  spool  

4.".'.*!.*!!!! 

3  yards  .... 

.15  per  spool. 
.08  per  spool. 
.15  per  card  of  24. 
.10  per  dozen. 
.60  per  yard. 
1  00  per  dozen 

Hooks 

6 

10  per  dozen 

Snaps                      .  . 

6 

.15  per  card  of  24 

Thread  

^  spool 

.08  per  spool. 

Tape  .        

1  piece 

.10  per  piece. 

3  middy  blouses  .... 

Belting.  .  
White  rep  
Buttons 

26  inches  .  .  . 
1Y2  yards.  .  . 

.25  per  yard. 
.50  per  yard. 
1  00  per  dozen 

Thread 

]/2  Spool 

08  per  spool 

Gingham  dress  

Gingham 

7§  yards 

.35  per  yard 

Flaxon  
Rep  (for  extra  col- 
lars, cuffs)  
Hooks  and  eyes  .... 
Thread  

1A  yard  .... 

f  yards  
%  card.  .  .  . 
1  spool  .... 

.60  per  yard. 

.50  per  yard. 
.15  per  card. 
.08  per  spool. 

2  petticoats  

No.  100  cambric.  .  . 
Cross-bar  dimity  .  .  . 
Lace 

2Y2  yards.  .  . 
1  yard  
2  yards 

.50  per  yard. 
.35  per  yard. 
10  per  yard 

Buttons  .          ... 

3 

15  per  dozen. 

Thread  

1  spool 

.08  per  spool. 

Dark  underskirt  .... 

Bias  tape  
Black  sateen  
Button  

5^  yards..  . 
2%  yards.  .  . 
1  

.15  per  12  yards. 
.60  per  yard. 
.15  per  dozen. 

Thread 

i/£  spool 

08  per  spool 

Snaps               .    . 

2 

12  per  dozen 

4  combination  suits.  . 

Cambric  

2^  yards. 

.35  per  yard 

Lace  
Beading  

4  yards  .... 
l/-^  yards..  . 

.10  per  yard. 
.10  per  yard. 

Thread 

1  spool 

08  per  spool 

Buttons 

3 

15  per  dozen 

Bloomers 

Sateen 

2M  yards 

50  per  yard 

Elastic  

1  yard    . 

.12  per  yard. 

Buttons  

2  

.15  per  dozen. 

Thread 

%  Spool 

08  per  spool 

3  nightgowns  

Cambric  
Lace  
Thread  

2^  yards... 
2  yards  .... 
1  spool  

.35  per  yard. 
.10  per  yard. 
.08  per  spool. 

96  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

9.  Mary  Thompson  makes  her  own  underwear  of  cotton  crepe 
instead  of  longcloth  so  that  she  can  wash  it  herself  as  the  crepe 
does  not  need  to  be  ironed.     What  is  the  cost  of  4  combination 
suits  and  2  nightgowns  if  the  underwear  crepe  is  32  cents  a  yard  ; 
lace  is  16  cents  a  yard;  beading,  15  cents  a  yard;  and  thread,  6 
cents  a  spool?     What  does  she  save  in  laundry  bills  in  a  year  if 
she  wears  2  suits  and  1  nightgown  a  week  and  the  cost  of  laundering 
is  10  cents  apiece  for  combination  suits  and  12  cents  for  nightgowns  ? 

10.  Elizabeth  Marshall,  a  high  school  girl,  decided  to  make  her 
own  clothes.     From  the  list  on  page  95  of  the  garments  that  she 
selected  and  the  quantity  and  the  price  of  materials  used,  find  the 
total  cost  of  her  clothing  exclusive  of  the  cost  of  the  labor. 

11.  Elizabeth  wished  to  know  how  much  she  had  saved  by  her 
sewing  but  found  that  she  could  not  get  ready-made  garments  of 
as  good  quality  of  material  as  that  she  had  used.     The  prices  of 
the  garments  she  selected  for  the  purpose  of  comparison  were  as 
follows:  Nightgown,  $1.75;  serge  dress,  $18;  blue  wool  skirt,  $8; 
white  cotton  skirt,  $3;  gingham  dress,  $3.50;  white  petticoat,  $4; 
dark  underskirt,  $1.50 ;  combination  suit,  $2.25 ;  bloomers,  $1.50 ; 
blouse,  $1.50.    How  much  did  she  save? 

12.  Estimate  the  cost  of  materials  for  replacing  your  present 
supply  of  underwear  if  the  new  garments  are  made  at  home. 

13.  How  much  would  you  have  to  pay  for  ready-made  underwear 
to  replace  your  present  supply? 

14.  Estimate  the  number  of  hours  it  would  take  you  to  make 
your  underwear  and  find  the   value   of  your  labor  at  the  local 
prices  paid  for  sewing. 

AMOUNT  OF  MATERIAL  FOR  GARMENTS 

In  estimating  the  amount  of  material  needed  for  straight  skirts 
(Fig.  14)  and  similar  garments,  such  as  petticoats,  nightgowns, 
aprons,  and  plain  chemises,  state  the  results  to  the  nearest  one- 
eighth  or  one-fourth  yard,  since  these  are  the  measures  used  in  the 
stores. 

KULE. — (a)  To  find  the  number  of  lengths  needed  for  straight 
skirts  divide  the  total  breadth  of  the  bottom  of  the  skirt  by  the 
width  of  the  material.  Consider  a  fractional  part  of  a  length  as 
a  whole  length  unless  it  is  possible  to  secure  the  desired  effect  by 
omitting  the  fractional  part  of  the  length. 


CLOTHING 


97 


Fia   14.— Straight  skirt. 


98  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

(6)  To  allow  for  hems,  add  the  width  of  the  hem  to  the  finished 
length. 

(c)  To  find  the  amount  of  material  needed,  multiply  the  total 
length  by  the  number  of  lengths. 

EXERCISE    IV 

Problem. — How  much  lawn,  %  yard  wide,  will  be  needed  for  a  plain 
petticoat  24  inches  long  which  measures  3  yards  around  the  bottom  and  is 
finished  with  a  2% -inch  hem? 

3  -4-  %  =  4,  that  is,  the  number  of  lengths  required  is  4. 
21  in.  +  2%  in.  =  26%  in.,  or  approximately  %  yd.,  the  total  length. 

4  X  %  yd.  =  3  yd.,  that  is,  3  yards  of  lawn  will  be  needed  for  the 
petticoat., 

1.  How  many  yards  of  30-inch  muslin  are  needed  for  a  straight 
skirt  22  inches  long,  iy2  yards  around  the  bottom,  and  finished  with 
a  3-inch  hem? 

2.  How  many  yards  of  muslin  1  yard  wide  are  needed  for  6 
petticoats,  each  16  inches  long,  1%  yards  around  the  bottom,  and 
finished  with  a  2-inch  hem? 

3.  How  many  yards  of  muslin  30  inches  wide  are  needed  for 
6  straight  petticoats,  each  25  inches  long,  2~y2  yards  around  the 
bottom,  and  finished  with  a  21/2-inch  hem? 

4.  A  kilted  skirt  24  inches  long  is  to  measure  4  yards  around 
the   bottom.      How  many  yards   of   42-inch   serge   are   required? 
Allow  3%  inches  for  a  hem. 

5.  A  dancing  frock  is  to  have  a  plaited  skirt  5  yards  around 
the  bottom.     How  many  yards  of  crepe  de  Chine  44  inches  wide 
are  required  ?    Allow  3  inches  for  a  hem. 

6.  How  much  longcloth,  one  yard  wide,  is  needed  for  a  kimono 
nightgown  54  inches  long,  2  yards  around  the  bottom,  and  finished 
with  a  2-inch  hem? 

7.  How  much  cotton  crepe,  30  inches  wide,  is  needed  for  a 
nightgown   47   inches   long,   2%   yards   around   the   bottom,   and 
finished  with  a  2-inch  hem,  if  it  has  set-in  sleeves  12  inches  long, 
finished  with  a  %-inch  hem?     (One  length  will  be  needed  for 
each  sleeve.) 

WAISTS 

EXILE. — (a)  To  find  the  amount  of  narrow  material  needed 
for  shirtwaists,  add  the  length  of  the  sleeve  without  the  cuff,  length 
of  the  back,  including  the  peplum,  and  twice  the  total  length  of 


CLOTHING  99 

the  front,  including  the  amount  allowed  for  the  peplum  (i.e.,  the 
part  of  the  waist  below  the  belt  line). 

(6)  To  find  the  amount  needed  when  the  material  is  34  to  36 
inches  wide,  add  the  length  of  the  back,  including  the  peplum,  twice 
the  total  length  of  the  front,  and  %  the  sleeve  length  without  the  cuff 
(Figs.  15  and  16). 

EXERCISE   V 

1.  How  much  madras  27  inches  wide  is  required  for  a  plain  shirt- 
waist that  extends  3  inches  below  the  belt  line  ?     The  length  of  the 
back  is  15  inches  to  the  belt,  the  length  of  the  front  is  16  inches,  the 
length  of  the  sleeve  is  18  inches  (Rule  a). 

2.  How  much  percale  one  yard  wide  is  required  for  this  waist,  if 
rule  b  is  used? 

3.  What  is  the  difference  between  the  two  estimates? 

4.  How  much  linen  30  inches  wide  is  needed  for  a  plain  shirt- 
waist with  a  3-inch  peplum?    The  length  of  the  front  is  20  inches, 
of  the  back  16  inches,  of  the  sleeve  22  inches.'    (Rule  a.) 

5.  How  much  georgette  crepe  36  inches  wide  is  required  for  a 
plain  waist  with  a  %-inch  hem  at  the  belt  for  elastic  belting  ?     The 
front  of  the  waist  measures  15  inches,  the  back  14  inches,  and  the 
sleeve  18  inches.     (Rule  b.) 

6.  A  wide  sailor  collar  that  takes  an  extra  !/2   yard  of  the 
material  is  used  for  trimming  this  waist.     If  the  georgette  crepe 
costs  $2.25  a  yard,  what  is  the  cost  of  material  for  the  blouse  ? 

7.  A  saleswoman  told  a  customer  that  the  average  person  would 
need  2%  yards  of  linen  for  a  shirtwaist.    The  customer  was  a  woman 
with  a  36-inch  bust  measure.     If  the  front  of  the  waist  is  17  inches 
long  and  has  a  3-inch  peplum,  the  back  15,  and  the  sleeve  22  inches, 
how  much  more  will  she  have  than  is  necessary?     If  the  linen 
cost  $1.50  a  yard,  how  much  can  she  save  by  making  her  own 
estimate  ? 

8.  A  shirtwaist  is  to  be  made  of  white  voile  1  yard  wide  at  85 
cents  a  yard.     How  much  material  is  required  if  the  front  measures 
16  inches,  the  back  15  inches,  and  the  sleeve  without  the  cuff  18 
inches,  and  the  waist  is  finished  at  the  belt  with  a  %-inch  hem  for 
an  elastic.     What  is  the  cost  of  the  material  ? 

9.  How  much  gingham   1  yard  wide  is  required  for  a  plain 
straight  skirt  and  shirtwaist  ?     The  skirt  is  to  be  26  inches  long.     It 
measures  2  yards  around  the  bottom  and  is  finished  with  a  31/2-mch 


100 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


FIG.  15. — Waist. 

hem.  The  front  of  the  waist  measures  16  inches,  the  back  15, 
the  sleeve  without  the  cuff  18  inches.  There  is  no  peplum.  If 
gingham  cost  75  cents  a  yard,  find  the  cost  of  the  material. 

10.  How  much  batiste  1  yard  wide  is  required  for  a  commence- 


CLOTHING 


FIG.  16. — Waist  pattern  on  cloth. 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

ment  dress?  The  skirt  length  is  34  inches.  It  is  to  be  finished 
with  a  hem  5y2  inches  wide.  The  front  of  the  waist  is  17  inches 
long,  the  back  15,  and  the  sleeves,  which  are  short,  are  to  be  14 
inches  long.  Three  yards  of  lace  are  required  for  the  trimming 
and  iy2  yards  of  ribbon.  Find  the  cost  of  the  dress,  if  the  batiste 
costs  90  cents  a  yard,  the  lace  38  cents  a  yard,  and  the  ribbon 
64  cents  a  yard. 

11.  Make  a  rule  for  estimating  the  amount  of  material  required 
for  a  middy  blouse. 

12.  Estimate  the  cost  of  the  material  for  a  middy  blouse  for 
yourself. 

13.  If  it  takes  8  hours  to  make  a  middy  blouse,  estimate  the  cost 
of  the  material  and  the  cost  of  the  labor  for  making,  and  compare 
the  total   estimate  with  the  cost  of  a  ready-made  middy  blouse 
of  approximately  the  same  quality. 

14.  Estimate  the  amount  of  material  required  for  a  plain  tailored 
shirtwaist  for  yourself.     If  it  requires  8  hours  to  make  the  waist, 
find  the  value  of  the  labor  at  42  cents  an  hour,  or  at  the  current 
local  rate.     Find  the  total  cost  of  the  waist  including  both  labor 
and  materials. 

TRIMMING  FOR  GARMENTS 

Tucks  (Fig.  17),  cords,  folds,  bias  bands,  and  ruffles  are  used  in 
trimming  garments.  Such  trimming  usually  increases  the  amount 
of  material  required  for  plain  garments. 


TUCKS 

Eule. —  (a)  Twice  the  width  of  each  tuck  multiplied  by  the  num- 
ber of  tucks  gives  the  allowance  to  be  made  for  tucks. 

(&)  Twice  the  width  of  the  receiving  tuck  plus  !/4  inch  for  the 
first  turning  gives  the  allowance  for  a  receiving  tuck  (Fig.  18). 

EXERCISE   VI 

Find  how  much  must  br  allowed  for  the  following  tucks  in  one 
length  of  material : 

1.  3     half -inch  tucks. 

2.  5     quarter-inch  tucks. 

3.  10  sixteenth-inch  tucks. 


CLOTHING 


103 


4.  5     three-eighth-inch  tucks. 

5.  20  sixteenth-inch  tucks. 

6.  3     one-and-a-half -inch  tucks. 

7.  24  three-eighth-inch  tucks. 

8.  1     three-eighth-inch  receiving  tuck. 

9.  1     one-quarter-inch  receiving  tuck. 

Estimate  the  amount  to  be  added  to  each  length  of  the  following 
garments  to  allow  for  the  tucks  and  hems : 


FIG.   17. — Fine  hand-run  tucks. 

10.  A  skirt  with  5  sixteenth-inch  tucks  and  a  3-inch  hem. 

11.  Two  sleeves  with  10  quarter-inch  tucks. 

12.  A  petticoat  with  9  eighth-inch  tucks  and  a  one  quarter-inch 
receiving  tuck. 

13.  How   many   quarter-inch   tucks  are  needed  to  shorten  a 
garment  7  inches  ? 

14.  How  many  half -inch  tucks  are  needed  to  shorten  a  garment 
5  inches  ? 


104 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


EXERCISE  VII 

1.  The  back  of  a  blouse  was  16  inches  across  when  finished. 
It  had  3  groups  of  5  sixteenth-inch  tucks.    How  wide  was  the  piece 
for  the  back  before  it  was  tucked  ? 

2.  How  many  half-inch  tucks  must  be  put  in  a  skirt  that  is 
5  inches  too  long  in  order  to  make  it  the  right  length  ? 

3.  The  lawn  for  a  shirtwaist  is  27  inches  wide.     How  many 
eighth-inch  tucks  can  be  made  in  the  lawn  if  it  is  to  be  20  inches 
wide  when  finished? 


FIG.   18. — Receiving  tuck. 

4.  Jane  wishes  to  put  5  one-inch  tucks  in  a  skirt  which  is  to  be  38 
inches  long.     How  long  must  the  skirt  be  cut  to  allow  for  the 
tucks  and  a  3-inch  hem  ? 

5.  A  piece  of  muslin  for  the  back  of  a  corset  cover  is  26  inches 
wide.     How  many  quarter-inch  tucks  can  be  made  in  order  that  the 
back  may  be  16  inches  wide  when  finished? 

6.  A  strip  of  muslin  for  a  ruffle  is  12  inches  deep.     The  ruffle 
is  to  have  a  one-inch  hem  and  7  eighth-inch  tucks.    How  deep  will 
it  be  when  finished?    If  this  ruffle  is  attached  to  a  petticoat  with  a 


CLOTHING  105 

%-inch  receiving  tuck,  how  long  should  the  petticoat  be  cut  in  order 
that  the  completed  garment  may  be  35  inches  in  length? 

7.  How  deep  must  a  ruffle  be  cut  to  be  6  inches  deep  finished 
with  a  one-inch  hem  on  the  bottom  and  5  eighth-inch  tucks  above 
the  hem  ?    If  the  completed  petticoat  is  to  be  29  inches  in  length, 
how  long  must  it  be  cut  to  allow  for  attaching  the  ruffle  with  a 
14 -inch  receiving  tuck  ? 

8.  How  deep  a  ruffle  can  be  made  from  a  strip  of  lawn  20  inches 
deep,  if  a  2-inch  hem  is  put  on  the  bottom  and  above  it  5  groups 
of  3  sixteenth-inch  tucks  ? 

RUFFLES 

RULE. — To  find  the  number  of  strips  of  material  needed  for  a 
ruffle  divide  the  length  of  the  ruffle  by  the  width  of  the  material. 
Consider  a  fraction  of  a  strip  as  a  whole  strip,  unless  it  is  possible 
to  secure  the  desired  effect  by  omitting  the  fractional  part  of  a  strip. 

To  find  the  amount  of  material  needed,  multiply  the  depth  of  the 
ruffle  by  the  number  of  strips. 

EXERCISE  VIII 

Problem. — A  ruffle  G1/^  yards  long  and  5  inches  deep  is  finished  with  a 
half-inch  hem.  How  many  strips  of  27-inch  material  are  needed  for  the 
ruffle?  How  many  yards  of  material  are  needed! 

27  in.  =  %  yd. 

GV2  yd.  -:-    %  yd.  =  8  +,  that  is,  9  strips  are  needed. 
5  in.  -j-    %  in.  =  5%  inches,  the  depth  of  the  ruffle. 

9  X  5%  in.  ==  49  +  inches,  that  is,  approximately  1%  yds.  of  material 
are  needed. 

1.  How  many  strips  of  muslin  one  yard  wide  are  needed  for  a 
ruffle  six  yards  long  ?    If  the  ruffle  is  9  inches  deep,  unfinished,  how 
many  yards  of  material  are  needed  ? 

2.  Of  material  27  inches  wide  ? 

3.  Of  material  44  inches  wide  ? 

4.  Of  material  32  inches  wide  ? 

5.  How  many  strips  of  cambric  one  yard  wide  are  needed  for  a 
ruffle  4^/2  yards  long  ?    If  the  ruffle  is  8  inches  deep,  unfinished,  how 
many  yards  of  material  are  needed  ? 

6.  Of  cambric  27  inches  wide  ? 

7.  Of  material  45  inches  wide  ? 

8.  Of  material.  34  inches  wide  ? 

9.  Of  cambric  30  inches  wide? 


106  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

10.  How  many  yards  of  dimity  32  inches  wide  are  needed  for 
a  ruffle  12  inches  deep,  unfinished,  if  the  ruffle  is  3%  yards  long? 

11.  Of  taffeta  40  inches  wide? 

12.  A  ruffle  5  inches  deep  is  finished  with  a  one-inch  hem  and 

3  eighth-inch  tucks.     If  the  ruffle  is  5  yards  in  length,  how  many 
yards  of  27-inch  material  are  needed? 

13.  A  ruffle  4^/2  inches  deep  is  finished  with  a  half-inch  hem 
and  5  eighth-inch  tucks.     If  the  ruffle  is  6  yards  in  length,  how 
many  yards  of  45-inch  nainsook  are  needed  ? 

14.  If  the  material  is  one  yard  wide,  how  many  yards  of  ruffling 
can  be  made  from  6  strips? 

15.  If  the  material  is  27  inches  wide  ? 

16.  If  the  material  is  42  inches  wide  ? 

17.  If  the  material  is  30  inches  wide  ? 

18.  How  many  strips  of  ruffling  9  inches  deep  can  be  cut  from 

4  yards  of  lawn?     How  many  yards  of  ruffling  if  the  lawn  is  27 
inches  wide? 

19.  How  many  yards  of  ruffling  4  inches  deep  can  be  cut  from 
1%  yards  of  27-inch  satin? 

20.  How  many  yards  of  ruffling  12  inches  deep  can  be  cut  from 
2%  yards  of  32-inch  taffeta? 

EXERCISE  IX 

RULE. —  (a)  For  an  ordinary  ruffle,  use  l1/^  the  length  of  the  edge 
to  which  the  ruffle  is  to  be  attached. 

(b)  For  a  scant  ruffle,  use  1%  this  length. 

(c)  For  side  plaiting  or  for  shirring  of  thin  fine  fabrics,  use 
three  times  this  length. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  it  is  understood  that  the  ruffling  in  the 
following  example  is  to  be  set  on  the  bottom  edge  of  the  skirt. 

1.  How  many  yards  of  ruffling  are  needed  for  a  ruffle  on  a 
skirt  which  measures  3  yards  around  the  bottom  ?    2%  yards  ?    2% 
yards  ? 

2.  How  many  yards  of  lace  are  needed  for  a  ruffle  on  a  collar 
which  measures  1%  yards  around  the  edge?     %  yard?     %  yard? 

3.  How  many  yards  of  bias  ruffling  are  needed  for  a  scant  ruffle 
on  a  silk  petticoat  which  measures  2  yards  around  the  bottom  ?     2*4 
yards  ? 

4.  How  many  yards   of   taffeta   ruffling  are  needed   for   side 


CLOTHING  107 

plaiting  for  trimming  the  edge  of  a  collar  that  measures  1%  yards, 
the  edge  of  cuffs  each  8  inches,  and  both  sides  of  the  front  plait 
of  the  waist  which  is  16  inches  long? 

5.  A  skirt  is  3  yards  around  the  bottom;  how  many  yards  of 
ruffling  are  needed  ?     How  many '  strips  of  one-yard  material  are 
needed  ? 

6.  How  many  yards  of  ruffling  are  needed  for  a  ruffle  on  a  dress 
2  yards  around  the  bottom?     If  the  ruffle  is  to  be  6  inches  wide 
finished,  how  much  batiste  45  inches  wide  is  needed  for  the  ruffle  ? 

7.  A  taffeta  skirt  measures  2*4  yards  around  the  bottom.    How 
many  yards  of  ruffling  are  needed?    If  the  ruffle  is  10  inches  deep 
unfinished  and  is  cut  from  material  32  inches  wide,  how  many  yards 
of  material  are  needed  for  the  ruffle? 

8.  A  skirt  is  2~y2  yards  around  the  bottom.     How  many  yards 
of  ruffling  are  needed?    If  the  ruffle  is  8  inches  deep  finished  with 
three  quarter-inch  tucks,  and  the  cambric  is  1  yard  wide,  how  many 
yards  of  material  are  needed  for  the  ruffle? 

9.  A  petticoat  measures  3  yards  around  the  bottom.     How  many 
yards  of  30-inch  cambric  are  needed  for  a  10-inch  ruffle  having  a 
one-inch  hem  ? 

10.  How  many  yards  of  40-inch  silk  are  needed  for  a  12-inch, 
scant  ruffle  for  a  petticoat  which  is  2%  yards  around  the  bottom, 
if  the  ruffle  has  a  one-inch  hem  ? 

11.  A  child's  dress  is  2  yards  around  the  bottom.     How  much 
lawn  1  yard  wide  is  required  for  a  full-shirred  ruffle  71/2  inches 
deep  finished  with  a  half -inch  hem  and  3  eighth-inch  tucks  ? 

12.  How  many  trips  of  ruffling  will  be  needed  tor  a  muslin  skirt 
2!/2  yards  wide  if  the  material  is  1  yard  wide  ?    How  wide  must  the 
ruffle  be  cut  if  it  is  10  inches  deep,  finished  with  a  half -inch  hem 
and  two  quarter-inch  tucks?    How  many  yards  of  material  will  be 
needed  ? 

13.  If  a  dress  measures  3  yards  around  the  bottom,  how  many 
yards  of  ruffling  are  needed  for  side  plaiting?     How  many  strips 
of  45-inch  batiste  ?    If  each  strip  is  10  inches  finished,  has  a  three- 
quarter-inch  hem,  and  four  eighth-inch  tucks,  how  many  yards  of 
batiste  are  needed  ? 

14.  A  dress  measures  2  yards  around  the  bottom.     It  is  to  have 
a  side-plaited  ruffle  10  inches  wide  with  a  one-inch  hem.     How  many 
yards  of  crepe  de  Chine  40  inches  wide  are  necessary  for  the  ruffle  ? 


108 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


15.  Estimate  the  number  of  yards  of  dotted  swiss,  32  inches 
wide,  needed  for  4  curtains  each  4  feet  6  inches  long,  trimmed  along 
one  side  and  across  the  bottom  with  a  3-inch  ruffle  finished  with  a 
1,4-inch  hem  and  set  on  with  a  %-inch  receiving  tuck.     Allow  3 
inches  at  the  top  of  each  curtain  for  the  rod  and  the  heading  and 
3  inches  for  shrinking. 

16.  Estimate  the  cost  of  curtains  similar  to  the  above  for  your 
own  bedroom. 

BIAS  TRIMMING 

Material  to  be  used  for  trimming  a  garment  is  often  cut  on  the 
bias.     Unless  one  can  purchase  material  in  which  both  ends  are 


\ 


FIG.   19. — True  bias  cutting. 

cut  on  the  bias,  there  will  be  more  or  less  waste  in  cutting  In 
order  to  have  as  little  waste  as  possible,  one  should  know  how  to 
estimate  the  amount  of  material  required  for  trimming  any  given 
garment. 

To  cut  a  strip  of  true  bias  (Fig.  19),  fold  the  material  so  that  the 
filling  yarns  2  lie  along  the  warp,  as  in  the  diagram.  Make  two  cut- 
tings, the  first  along  the  line  of  the  fold  AB,  and  the  second  on 
a  line  parallel  to  the  line  of  the  fold. 

The  lines  of  cutting  are  bias  lines.     A  full  length  bias  strip 

"Threads  that  run  parallel  to  the  selvage  are  called  warp  threads, 
those  that  run  across  the  goods  are  called  filling1  yarns  or  woof  threads. 


CLOTHING  109 

is  a  strip  with  selvage  at  both  ends.  The  length  of  a  full-length 
bias  strip  is  measured  along  the  cut  edge  from  A  to  B. 

The  width  through  the  bias  strip  is  measured  on  a  line  at  right 
angles  to  the  line  of  cutting,  CD  in  the  diagram. 

The  width  along  the  bias  is  measured  along  the  selvage  (or 
warp),  BE  in  the  diagram. 

The  width  through  the  bias  and  the  width  along  the  bias  are 
technical  terms  used  in  the  trade.  The  width  through  the  bias 
is  also  called  the  depth  of  the  bias. 

EXERCISE  x 

1.  From  a  rectangular  piece  of  tissue  paper  or  cloth  24  inches 
long  and  9  inches  wide  cut  out  as  many  full-length  strips  of  true 
bias  3  inches  through  the  bias  as  possible.3 

2.  Measure  the  length  of  the  bias.     How  does  it  compare  with 
the  original  width  of  the  cloth  or  paper  ? 

3.  What  is  the  width  of  each  strip  along  the  bias  ? 

4.  How  does  the  width  along  the  bias  compare  with  the  width 
through  the  bias  ?    ( Give  the  answer  as  approximate  fraction  of  the 
width  through  the  bias.) 

5.  Make  the  same  measurements  as  in  examples  1—4  with  a 
piece  of  paper  18  inches  wide  and  24  inches  long,  cutting  strips  1  inch 
through  the  bias.  ' . 

6.  From  your  answers  to  5,  what  rule  would  you  suggest  for 
finding  the  length  of  a  full-length  bias  strip  if  the  width  of  the 
material  is  known  ? 

7.  From  your  answers  to  4,  what  rule  would  you  suggest  for  find- 
ing the  width  along  the  bias  ? 

8.  Dressmakers  multiply  the  width  of  the  material  by  1%  to 
find  the  length  of  a  bias  strip.     Test  this  rule. 

9.  To  find  the  width  along  the  bias,  dressmakers  multiply  the 
width  through  the  bias  by  1%.     Test  this  rule. 

EXERCISE  XI 

In  cutting  bias  strips,  as  in  Fig.  20,  if  the  corner  folded  over, 
AC,  is  less  than  the  full  width  of  the  goods,  the  bias  strip  will  be  less 
than  a  full-length  strip.  The  length  of  a  short  strip  is  measured 

•  If  paper  is  used,  it  should  be  handled  and  held  as  if  it  were  cloth. 


110 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


along  the  shorter  cut  edge  BC.  Where  two  bias  strips  are  to  be 
pieced  together,  all  the  seams  should  be  along  the  warp,  CD,  EF, 
GH,  etc.  The  pieces  CDE,  EFG,  GHJ,  which  are  cut  off  in  order 
to  have  the  seams  along  the  warp,  are  waste. 

1.  Using  a  piece  of  tissue  paper  24  inches  long  and  18  inches 


FIG.  20. — Cutting  and  joining  bias  strips. 

wide,  fold  over  a  corner  9  inches  on  each  side  and  cut  along  the  fold 
(Fig.  20).  Compare  the  length  of  the  cut  edge  with  the  side  of 
the  corner. 

2.  From  the  corner  piece  cut  off  a  bias  strip  3  inches  through  the 
bias,  and  measure  the  lengths  of  the  two  cut  edges. 

3.  Cut  a  piece  from  one  end  of  the  strip  to  make  the  two  ends 


CLOTHING  111 

parallel.     By  how  much  have  you  shortened  the  longer  cut  edge? 
Compare  this  amount  with  the  width  through  the  bias. 

4.  Using  a  rectangular  piece  of  tissue  paper  24  inches  long  and 
18  inches  wide,  fold  over  a  corner  6  inches  on  each  side,  and  cut  a 
bias  strip  2  inches  through  the  bias.     Measure  the  shorter  cut  edge 
and  compare  this  length  with  the  side  of  the  corner  folded  over. 

5.  From  the  corner  piece,  cut  off  another  strip  of  the  same 
width.     Measure  the  shorter  and  the  longer  cut  edges.     How  does 
the  short  length  compare  with  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  remain- 


FIG.  21. — Cutting  bias  strips  from  a  corner  of  the  material. 

ing  corner?    How  does  the  difference  between  the  lengths  of  the 
two  cut  edges  compare  with  the  width  through  the  bias  ? 

6.  Test  the  following  rule  by  cutting  and  measuring  tissue  paper : 
The  length  of  a  bias  strip  is  four-thirds  the  length  of  the  side  of 
the  corner  folded  over. 

7.  Test  the  following  rule  by  cutting  and  measuring  tissue  paper : 
The  length  of  each  bias  strip  cut  from  the  corner  is  less  than  the 
next  longer  strip  by  twice  the  width  of  the  strip  through  the  bias. 

EXERCISE  XII 

RULE. — (a)  The  length  of  a  full-length  bias  strip  is  approxi- 
mately 1%  times  the  width  of  material,  (b)  The  length  of  a  short 
bias  strip  is  approximately  l1^  times  the  side  of  the  corner  folded 


112  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

over,  (c)  When  the  ends  are  not  parallel,  the  length  of  the  shorter 
cut  edge  of  the  bias  strip  cut  from  the  corner  is  less  than  the  longer 
cut  edge  by  twice  the  width  through  the  bias.  Hence,  the  length  of 
a  bias  strip  not  a  full-length  strip  is  less  than  the  next  longer  strip 
by  twice  the  width  of  the  strip  through  the  bias. 

Problem. — How  many  inches  of  4-inch  bias  can  be  cut  from  the  corner 
of  a  piece  of  silk  32  inches  wide?  (Fig.  21.) 

%  X  32  inches  =  43  inches,  the  length  of  the  full  length  bias  strip. 

No  full  length  strip  can  be  cut  from  the  corner,  but  according  to  rule 
(c),  the  longest  strip  that  can  be  cut  from  the  corner  is  less  than  the  full 
length  strip  by  twice  the  width  of  the  strip  through  the  bias. 

Hence,  43  in.  —  8  in.  =  35  inches,  the  length  of  the  longest  strip  cut 

from  the  corner. 

35  in.  —  8  in.  =  27  inches,  the  length  of  the  second  strip. 
27  in.  —  8  in.  =  19  inches,  the  length  of  the  third  strip. 
19  in.  —  8  in.  .=  11  inches,  the  length  of  the  fourth  strip. 
1 1  in.  —  8  in.  =    3  inches,  the  length  of  the  fifth  strip. 
Adding,  95  inches  is  the  total  number  of  inches  of  4-inch  bias  that  can 
be  cut  from  the  corner. 

1.  Using  the  rule  a,  make  a  table  showing  to  the  nearest  %  inch 
the  length  of  a  full  strip  of  bias  cut  from  material  of  the  following 
widths :  18,  22,  24,  27,  30,  32,  34,  36,  39,  40,  42,  45. 

When  the  length  of  the  material  is  less  than  the  width,  the 
length  of  the  material  determines  the  size  of  the  corner  to  be  folded 
over,  and  hence  the  length  of  the  longest  bias  strip.  Thus,  with 
%  yard  of  velvet  18  inches  wide,  the  corner  folded  over  is  9  inches 
along  the  side,  and  the  length  of  a  bias  strip  ^  X  9  or  12  inches. 

2.  Make  a  table  similar  to  that  in  example   1,   showing  the 
length  of  the  longest  bias  strip  that  can  be  cut  from  the  following : 

%  •  yard  of  velvet  22  inches  wide. 

%  yard  of  grosgrain  silk  22  inches  wide. 

%  yard  of  grosgrain  silk  22  inches  wide. 

%  yard  of  satin  27  inches  wide. 

%  yard  of  trffeta  40  inches  wide. 

3.  How  many  inches  of  6-inch  bias  can  be  cut  from  the  corner 
of  a  piece  of  silk  27  inches  wide  ?    36  inches  wide  ?    40  inches  wide  ? 

4.  How  many  inches  of  10-inch  bias  can  be  cut  from  the  corner 
of  a  piece  of  silk  30  inches  wide  ?    38  inches  wide  ?    50  inches  wide  ? 


CLOTHING  113 

5.  How  many  yards  of  bias  strips  3  inches  through  the  bias 
can  be  cut  from  the  corner  of  a  piece  of  taffeta  30  inches  wide  ? 

6.  How  many  inches  of  bias  strips  6  inches  wide  can  be  cut  from 
a  corner  27  inches  along  the  side? 

7.  In  planning  a  dress,  Jane  finds  that  she  can  use  one  corner 
piece  of  silk  15  inches  along  the  selvage  for  bias  banding.    How  much 
bias  banding  2  inches  wide  can  she  cut  ? 

8.  Beginning  with  the  first  strip  5  inches  long  cut  from  the 
corner  of  a  piece  of  silk  36  inches  wide,  how  many  strips  2^  inches 


FIG..  22. — Amount  of  material  required  for  bias  strips. 

through  the  bias  need  to  be  cut  to  obtain  2%  yards  of  piping? 
Will  the  last  strip  that  is  cut  be  as  long  as  a  full-length  bias  strip  ? 

EXERCISE  XIII 

RULE. — The  width  along  the  bias  of  a  strip  is  four-thirds  of  the 
width  through  the  bias. 

Make  a  table  showing  the  widths  along  the  bias  of  bias  strips 
whose  widths  through  the  bias  measured  in  inches  are  as  follows :  %, 
7/8,  1,  11/4,  13/8,  li/2,  134,  i7/8j  2,  2i/2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  to  12  inches. 

EXERCISE  XIV 

In  buying  material  in  which  the  ends  are  not  cut  on  the  bias, 
it  is  always  necessary  to  buy  a  corner  of  material  in  addition  to  the 
amount  of  material  needed  for  the  bias  strips. 

In  the  diagram  (Fig.  22)  the  amount  of  material  required  would 
8 


114  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

be  equal  to  AB,  the  width  along  the  bias  of  the  total  number  of  strips, 
plus  BC,  the  side  of  the  corner  cut  off  by  the  last  strip. 

Problem. — Find  the  number  of  yards  of  18-inch  panne  velvet  required 
for  3%yards  of  bias  bands  9  inches  wide  (Fig.  23). 

%  X  18  in.  =  24  inches,  the  length  of  a  full  length  strip. 
24  in.  —  18  in.  =  6  inches,  the  length  of  a  strip  cut  from  the  corner. 
3%  yd. —    Gin.  =  111  inches,  the  number  of  inches  remaining  to  be  cut. 
Ill  in.  -4-  24  in.  =  4  strips  and  15  inches. 

Since  a  strip  of  bias  15  inches  long  can  not  be  cut  from  the  corner,  5 
strips  of  bias  must  be  cut,  the  last  of  which  will  need  to  be  only  15 
inches  long. 
15  inches  is  the  bias  edge  of  the  corner  folded  over  to  make  a  strip  of 

that  length.     (See  diagram.) 
Hence,  %  of  15  or  11  is  the  width  of  the  corner  folded  over  to  make  the 

last  strip. 
It  is  necessary  to  buy  a  piece  of  velvet  11  inches  long  plus  the  total 

width  along  the  bias  of  the  5  strips. 

5  X   %  X  9  in.  =  60  in.,  the  total  width  along  the  bias  of  the  5  strips. 
60  in.  +  11  in.  =  71  in.,  that  is,  2  yards  of  velvet  are  required. 


FIG.  23. — Estimating  the  amount  of  material  required  for  bias  trimming  when  part  or 
all  of  corner  can  be  utilized. 

1.  Find  the  number  of  yards  of  18-inch  panne  velvet  required 
for  bias  girdle  9  inches  wide  and  30  inches  long? 

2.  A  girdle  is  to  be  made  from  bias  strips  cut  from  22-inch 
silk.    If  the  girdle  is  to  be  28  inches  long  and  12  inches  wide,  before 
finishing,  how  much  material  is  required  ? 

3.  Find  the  amount  of  18-inch  velvet  required  for  4  yards  of 
bias  facing  for  a  coat,  if  the  facing  is  10  inches  through  the  bias. 

4.  Three  yards  of  bias  12  inches  wide  are  needed  for  a  ruffle  on 
a  petticoat.     How  much  taffeta  36  inches  wide  is  required  for  the 
ruffle? 

5.  Seven  yards  of  satin  facing  6  inches  wide  are  needed  for  the 
bottom  of  a  skirt  and  the  overskirt.     How  many  yards  of  27-inch 
satin  are  required  for  the  facing? 


CLOTHING  115 

6.  If  two  scant  bias  ruffles  each  4  inches  wide  are  put  on  the 
bottom  of  a  partly  worn  petticoat  that  measures  two  yards  around 
the  bottom,  it  will  take  the  place  of  a  new  skirt.    How  many  yards 
of  30-inch  taffeta  are  needed  ? 

7.  How  much  27-inch  taffeta  must  be  purchased  for  a  new  scant 
ruffle  on  a  petticoat  which  measures  2  yards  around  the  bottom,  if  the 
ruffle  is  to  be  10  inches  wide  ? 

BUYING  AND  MAKING  CLOTHES 

The  cost  of  clothing  is  so  large  an  item  in  the  budget  that 
every  effort  should  be  made  to  decrease  the  expenditures  arid  to 
spend  the  money  for  clothing  to  the  best  advantage.  Extreme 
styles  that  go  out  of  fashion  before  the  material  is  worn  out  increase 
the  cost  of  living.  Poor  materials  are  not  worth  the  cost  of  the 
time  and  labor  it  takes  to  make  them  up  into  garments. 

In  buying  materials  and  ready-made  clothes,  it  is  cheaper  to 
select  durable  materials  and  conservative  styles. 

EXERCISE  XV 

1.  Select  a  design  for  a  dress  and  estimate  the  number  of  yards 
of  material  you  would  need  to  buy,  and  the  time  it  would  take  to 
make  such  a  dress  for  yourself.    Estimate  the  cost  of  material  and 
the  cost  of  labor  at  the  local  dressmaking  rates.     Will  your  labor  be 
worth  as  much  ?    Why  ? 

2.  Select  a  design  for  a  dress  with  bias  trimming.     Estimate 
the  amount  and  cost  of  suitable  material  for  the  dress  and  for  the 
trimming.    Find  the  total  cost  of  the  dress  and  of  the  labor.    Com- 
pare with  the  cost  of  a  similar  ready-made  gown  and  discuss  dif- 
ferences in  cost,  design,  material,  and  workmanship. 

3.  If  all  your  present  supply  of   wearing  apparel   should  be 
destroyed  by  fire,  estimate  the  cost  of  duplicating  as  much  of  it  as 
you  would  need  to  replace,  including  shoes,  hats,  and  similar  articles. 
Make  a  separate  estimate  for  each  garment  that  would  have  to  be 
made  at  home,  giving  the  number  of  yards  of  material  required,  and 
the  "  findings." 

4.  Make  a  list  of  all  the  articles  of  clothing  you  would  need  for 
a  year.     Estimate  the  cost  cf  the  various  articles  and  determine  how 
much  of  an  allowance  you  would  need  for  clothing. 


116  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

5.  If  you  were  to  spend  $150  per  year,  how  would  you  modify 
the  preceding  budget?    If  $100? 

6.  Indicate  which  of  the  articles  in  your  list  do  not  have  to  be 
renewed  every  year,  and  make  a  clothing  budget  for  3  years.     Can 
you  reduce  your  annual  budget  allowance  in  this  way  ?    Why  ? 

7.  Compare  the  present  prices  of  cotton  and  woolen  materials, 
shoes,  stockings,  and  notions  with  the  prices  of  the  same  articles  one 
year  ago.     Find  the  average  per  cent,  of  increase  or  decrease  in 
the  cost  of  these  articles. 

8.  If  this  average  per  cent,  of  change  in  price  should  continue 
for  another  year,  how  should  your  budget  allowance  for  clothing  be 
changed? 

9.  Compare  graphically  the  actual  prices  of  cotton  and  woolen 
materials,  shoes,  notions,  and  underwear  at  the  present  time  with 
those  of  one  year  ago.    Use  two  vertical  lines  for  each  article,  one 
to  represent  the  present  price,  the  other  to  represent  the  price  one 
year  ago. 

10.  Represent  graphically  the  average  per  cent,  of  increase  or 
decrease  in  the  prices  of  clothing  in  the  past  year. 

11.  Two  girls  bought  suits  at  the  same  time.    One  paid  $20  for  a 
suit  that  was  so  extreme  in  design  that  it  was  entirely  out  of  style 
at  the  end  of  the  season  and  was  discarded.     The  other  paid  $32.50 
for  a  plain  tailor-made  suit  which  she  wore  for  three  seasons.     At 
this  rate,  how  much  more  would  the  first  girl  pay  for  suits  in  three 
years  ? 

12.  It  requires  %y2  yards  of  muslin  and  5  yards  of  trimming 
for  an  envelope  chemise  and  about  4  hours  for  the  making.    Four 
chemises  were  made  of  muslin  at  25  cents  a  yard  and  lace  at  14 
cents  a  yard.     What  was  the  cost  of  the  chemises  if  the  labor  is 
estimated  at  25  cents  an  hour  ? 

13.  At  the  end  of  a  year  the  muslin  was  worn  out,  and  the  lace 
was  not  worth  putting  on  new  garments.     Four  new  chemises  were 
made  of  better  materials  at  37  cents  a  yard  and  lace  at  14  cents  a 
yard.    These  garments  lasted  a  year  and  a  half.    What  was  the  total 
cost,  including  labor  at  25  cents  an  hour?    What  was  the  cost  per 
year  ?    What  is  the  per  cent,  of  decrease  in  this  item  of  the  clothing 
budget  ? 


FOOD 


FOOD 

MEASURING  FOOD  MATERIALS 

THERE  are  several  ways  of  measuring  and  weighing  foodstuffs. 
The  housewife  uses  the  familiar  household  measures  (Fig.  24)  :  The 
cup  and  the  spoon ;  the  grocer  uses  the  English  system  of  weights  and 
measures :  the  quart  and  the  pound ;  the  scientific  dietitian  uses  the 
metric  system  of  weights  and  measures :  the  liter  as  a  measure  of 


FIG.  24. — Measures  commonly  used  in  the  household.     Metal  measures  are  usually  the 
most  accurate  and  convenient. 

volume,  the  gram  as  a  measure  of  weight  and  the  calorie  as  a 
measure  of  heat  or  energy.  Each  of  these  ways  of  measuring  the 
weight  and  quantity  and  nourishing  value  of  foods  is  to  be  con- 
sidered in  the  following  pages. 

HOUSEHOLD  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 

Recipes  are  usually  stated  in  terms  of  household  measures  such 
as  the  cup  and  the  tablespoon.  These  household  measures  vary  in 
size  and  capacity  and,  at  best,  represent  only  approximate  measures. 
In  order  to  secure  some  degree  of  uniformity,  it  is  customary  to  use 
a  level  cupful,  or  level  spoonful  in  measuring. 

119 


120  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

ABBREVIATIONS 

ts.     =  teaspoon  qt.  =  quart 

tbs.  =  tablespoon  pt.  =  pint 

spk.  —  speck  oz.  —  ounce 

c.      =  cup  Ib.  =  pound 

TABLE  OF  APPROXIMATE  MEASURES 

3  teaspoons  =  1  tablespoon 
16  tablespoons   dry  material   or    12   tablespoons 

of  liquid  =  1  cup 
2  cups  or  2  glasses  =  1  pint 

TABLES  OF  EQUIVALENT  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES  FOR  LIQUIDS 

1  tablespoon  =  %  oz. 
1  cup  or  1  glass  =  8  ounces  or  %  pound. 

"'    •'  "  '.'"  .  ''.!*•  •'  *  •  •  •  •.*  '''"idf:-. ' 

TABLE  OF  MEASURES  OF  FOOD  MATERIALS  WITH  APPROXIMATE  WEIGHTS  * 

Foodstuff  Quantity  in  1  Ib.  Quantity  in  1  oz. 

Milk 2  c ...!%.- tbs. 

Sugar    2  c.    2  tbo. 

Butter  2  c 2  tbs. 

Meat    (chopped)    2  c 2  tbs. 

Rice  2  c.    . .  ! .  .2  tbs. 

Flour     (sifted) 4  c 4  tbs. 

Rolled  oats 6  c 6  tbs. 

Eggs 7 

Apples 4  medium 

Bananas 4  medium 

Oranges 2  large 

Potatoes 3  medium 

Bread   1  loaf 

-:'•'':  ;.>-. ^  . 

EXERCISE    I 

1.  How  many  tbs.  of  dry  material  to  1  cup?    To  %  cup?    To 
%  cup  ?    To  %  cup  ?    To  i/8  cup  ?    To  %  cup  ?    To  %  cup  ?    How 
many  tablespoons  of  liquid  ? 

2.  How  many  ts.  in  14  cup  of  dry  material  ?     In  %  cup  ? 

3.  How  many  ts.  of  butter  in  1  oz.  ?    In  %.  oz.  ? 

4.  How  many  ts.  of  flour  in  1  oz.  ?     In  %  oz.  ? 

5.  How  many  tbs.  of  butter  in  %  Ib.  ?    In  %  Ib.  ? 

6.  How  many  tbs.  of  butter  in  3  oz.  ?     What  part  of  a  cup  ? 

7.  One-fourth  pound  of  sugar  is  how  many  cups? 

8.  One-fourth  pound  of  flour  is  how  many  cups  ? 

9.  One-eighth  pound  of  sugar  is  how  many  tbs.  ? 

1  For  other  tables  with  slightly  closer  approximatibris,  see  Tables  C  and 
D,  pages  184  and  188. 


FOOD  121 

10.  One-third  pound  of  sugar  is  how  many  tbs.?     And  what 
part  of  a  cup  ? 

11.  One  egg  is  how  many  ounces? 

12.  How  many  tbs.  of  milk  in  an  oz.  ? 

13.  How  many  tbs.  of  sugar  in  an  oz.  ? 

14.  How  many  tbs.  of  flour  in  an  oz.  ? 

EXEKCISE    II 

Translate  into  weights  the  following  recipes: 

1.  White  sauce:  2  tbs.  flour,  2  tbs.  butter,  1  cup  of  milk. 

2.  Biscuits :  2  cups  flour,  iy2  tbs.  shortening,  %  cup  milk,  4  ts. 
baking  powder,  %  ts.  salt. 

3.  Croquettes:  2  cups  chopped  meat,  2  cups  of  bread  crumbs, 
1  cup  of  milk,  2  eggs. 

4.  Potato  balls:    baked  potatoes,  1  tbs.  butter,  y3  cup  of  milk, 
1  egg. 

5.  Fruit  salad :  3  bananas,  3  oranges,  3  tbs.  of  olive  oil,  !/4  cup  of 
sugar,  1  tbs.  vinegar. 

6.  Cake :  14  cup  butter,  1  cup  sugar,  2  eggs,  %  cup  milk,  1% 
cups  of  flour. 

7.  Baked  apples:  6  apples,  %  cup  sugar,  %  cup  of  water. 

8.  Omelet :  4  eggs,  4  tbs.  milk,  2  tbs.  butter. 

9.  Potato  soup :  4  medium-sized  potatoes,  3  cups  milk,  1  cup 
water,  2  tbs.  butter,  2  tbs.  flour. 

10.  The  following  is  a  recipe  for  cocoa  for  three  persons.    Give 
the  proportion  for  one  person  in  the  most  convenient  form;  also 
for  24  persons :  1  tbs.  cocoa,  1  tbs.  sugar,  1  cup  boiling  water,  2  cups 
hot  milk. 

11.  Divide  the  following  recipe  for  pie  crust  in  two  and  translate 
into  the  most  convenient  measures:  Flour,  2  cups;  lard,  %  cup; 
baking  powder,  %  ts. ;  salt,  1  ts. ;  ice  water,  14  CUP- 

12.  Make  one-third  of  the  following  recipe  for  molasses  cookies 
and  translate  it  into  the  most  convenient  measures :  Molasses,  1  cup ; 
boiling  water,  y2  cup ;  flour,  2%  cups ;  soda,  1  ts. ;  ginger,  l1/^  ts. ; 
butter,  4  tbs. 

13.  Eecipe  for  plain  lemonade:  2%  lemons  to  a  quart  of  water; 
1/2  cup  sugar  to  a  quart  of  water.    How  many  glasses  of  lemonade 
will  this  recipe  make  ?    How  many  lemons  and  how  much  sugar  will 
be  needed  to  serve  50  persons? 


122  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

14.  Recipe  for  welsh  rarebit  for  6  persons :  1  tbs.  butter,  1  tbs. 
cornstarch,   1%   c.  chopped  cheese,   %  ts.  salt,   14   ts.   mustard, 
1/2  c.  thick  cream  or  milk.     Translate  this  recipe  into  convenient 
terms  to  serve  4  persons.    Also  for  1  person. 

15.  Recipe  for  rice  pudding  for  6  persons :  y2  c-  rice>  %  ts.  salt, 
%  c.  sugar,  spk.  grated  nutmeg,  1  qt.  hot  milk.    Alter  this  recipe 
to  serve  2  persons,  and  state  in  the  most  convenient  measures. 

MARKETING 

It  is  fully  as  important  for  families  of  moderate  means  to 
understand  how  to  purchase  economically  as  to  be  able  to  increase 
their  earnings. 

Small  economies  in  buying  make  money  go  farther.  If  goods 
that  are  not  perishable  are  purchased  in  sufficient  quantity  to  last 
for  several  weeks  or  even  months,  a  saving  in  both  time  and  money 
will  result.  Fruits  and  vegetables  should  be  used  freely  during 
the  season  when  they  are  abundant  and  should  be  canned  or  dried 
at  this  time  for  future  use. 

EXERCISE    III 

1.  Apples  can  be  bought  at  the  rate  of  2  for  5  cents.     How 
much  will  a  dozen  cost? 

2.  Oranges  cost  50  cents  a  dozen  or  5  cents  apiece.     What  is 
the  actual  saving  in  buying  by  the  dozen  ? 

3.  Olive  oil  costs  $3  per  quart.     At  that  rate,  how  much  should 
a  half -pint  cost  ?    Compare  with  local  prices. 

4.  New  potatoes  cost  15  cents  a  pound  or  $1  a  peck.    What  is 
the  saving  through  buying  by  the  peck  ? 

5.  Spaghetti  may  be  bought  by  the   12-oz.  box  for  15  cents 
or  by  the  10-pound  package  for  90  cents.     What  is  the  per  cent, 
of  saving  in  buying  it  in  the  larger  quantity? 

6.  If  a  cereal  costs  10  cents  a  box  and  a  case  containing  12  boxes 
can  be  bought  for  $1,  what  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving  in  buying  it 
by  the  case? 

7.  Find  the  cost  of  25  Ibs.  of  flour  if  purchased  by  the  pound  at 
9%  cents  per  Ib.     By  the  5-lb  bag  at  45  cents. 

8.  If  flour  costs  $148  for  a  241/2-lb.  bag,  what  is  the  cost  per 
Ib.  ?    Per  cup  ?    Per  tablespoon  ? 


FOOD  123 

9.  What  is  the  cost  of  one  dozen  bananas  if  17  can  be  purchased 
for  50  cents  ? 

10.  What  is  the  cost  of  a  tablespoon  of  sugar  at  9%  cents  per 
Ib.  ?    At  10  cents  per  Ib.  ? 

11.  The  price  of  sugar  increased  from  6  to  9l/2  cents  per  Ib., 
what  is  the  actual  increase  per  25  Ibs.  ?     Per  100  Ibs.  ?    What  is 
the  per  cent,  of  increase  ? 

12.  The  usual  price  of  sugar  is  10  cents  per  Ib.    If  a  grocer  adver- 
tises a  sale  of  sugar  at  5  Ibs  for  45  cents,  what  is  the  saving  per  Ib.  ? 
The  per  cent,  of  saving  ? 

13.  If  cream  costs  20  cents  a  half  pint,  what  is  the  cost  of  a 
tablespoonful ?     A  cupful? 

14.  If  butter  costs  56  cents  a  Ib.,  what  is  the  cost  of  a  table- 
spoonful  ?     A  cupful  ? 

15.  If  milk  costs  13  cents  a  quart,  what  is  the  cost  per  oz.? 
Per  tbs.  ? 

16.  If  the  net  weight  of  a  box  of  rolled  oats  which  costs  10  cents 
is  12  oz.,  what  is  the  cost  per  cup  ?     Per  tablespoon  ? 

17.  Find  the  cost  of  one  egg  if  the  market  price  is  55  cents  a 
dozen.    32  cents  a  dozen.    45  cents. 

18.  If  eggs  are  sold  at  40  cents  a  pound,  find  the  cost  of  one 
egg.     Of  one  dozen  eggs. 

19.  Sliced  bacon  costs  12  cents  per  14  Ib.    What  is  the  cost  per 
Ib.  ?    If  it  can  be  purchased,  uncut,  at  7  Ibs.  for  $3.10,  what  is  the 
actual  saving  per  Ib.  ? 

20.  Vanilla  costs  25  cents  for  a  2-oz.  bottle.     What  is  the  price 
per  teaspoonful? 

21.  Baking  powder  costs  25  cents  per  %-lb.  tin,  or  45  cents  per 
Ib.    Find  the  amount  saved  in  buying  3  Ibs.  at  the  lower  rate. 

22.  Potatoes  cost  85  cents  a  peck,  or  $3  a  bushel.    What  is  the 
actual  saving  in  buying  7  bushels  at  the  lower  rate  ?    Find  the  cost 
of  one  quart  at  each  rate. 

23.  If  walnuts  cost  25  cents  a  pound  and  are  58  per  cent,  refuse, 
what  is  the  cost  of  one  pound  of  walnut  meats  ? 

#4.  If  walnuts  are  30  cents  a  pound  and  58  per  cent,  refuse, 
what  is  the  cost  of  one  pound  of  walnut  meats?  If  walnut  meats 
sell  for  $1  a  pound,  which  is  the  cheaper  way  to  buy  walnuts  ? 

25.  Peanuts  are  25  cents  a  pound  and  are  25  per  cent,  refuse. 
What  is  the  cost  of  one  pound  of  shelled  nuts  ? 


124  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

DIETARY  PRINCIPLES 

Planning  meals  isi  not  so  simple  a  matter  as  some  persons  seem 
to  think.  Even  if  a  person  has  sufficient  money  with  which  to 
buy  food  for  the  family,  she  may  not  succeed  in  furnishing  them 
with  the  kind  of  nourishment  they  should  have.  A  diet  that  satisfies 
the  appetite  may  lack  some  of  the  essential  elements  required  to  keep 
the  body  in  a  healthy,  vigorous  condition.  There  are  diseases  which 
are  directly  traceable  to  diets  that  are  lacking  in  certain  essential 
nutritive  factors.  Beri-beri,  a  disease  that  was  prevalent  in  certain 
countries,  was  traced  to  a  deficiency  due  to  eating  a  diet  composed 
largely  of  polished  rice;  that  is,  rice  from  which  the  germ  and  the 
bran  covering  had  been  removed.  This  disease  can  be  cured  by 
substituting  unpolished  rice  for  polished  rice  without  making 
any  other  alterations  in  the  diet.  Investigations  have  shown  that  it 
is  not  only  in  poor  families  that  there  are  undernourished  children. 
Even  though  the  quantity  of  food  is  sufficient,  it  may  be  lacking  in 
some  of  the  elements  that  are  essential  for  health  and  growth. 

The  body  is  a  complicated  piece  of  machinery  and  it  needs  many 
different  kinds  of  supplies  to  keep  it  in  working  order.  First  of  all, 
it  needs  fuel  to  keep  it  warm.  Foods  which  contain  carbohydrates 
in  large  proportion,  such  as  potatoes,  cereals,  and  sugar,  form  the 
cheapest  source  of  fuel.  Fats,  such  as  butter,  lard,  and  olive  oil, 
yield  more  fuel  to  the  pound,  but  are  a  more  expensive  source  of 
fuel  and  should  not  be  used  too  freely  in  the  diet,  because  they  make 
the  food  too  "  rich/' 

There  must  also  be  a  supply  of  material  to  build  the  body  tissues 
and  to  repair  waste.  The  tissues  are  constantly  being  used  up  in 
the  daily  activities  of  life  and  need  to  be  renewed.  During  child- 
hood the  body  increases  in  size  and  stature,  and  requires  an  addi- 
tional supply  of  tissue  building  material.  This  is  supplied  in  part 
by  foods  that  contain  protein.  Foods  which  contain  protein  are 
milk,  lean  meats,  and  cereals,  and  legumes  such  as  peas  and  beans. 
The  protein  in  milk  is  most  readily  assimilated  by  the  body. 

Certain  minerals  are  also  needed  for  the  building  of  body  tissues. 
The  bad  effect  of  a  diet  furnishing  an  inadequate  supply  of  mineral 
matter  may  not  become  evident  until  after  a  long  period  of  time, 
and  it  may  not  then  be  discovered  except  by  those  experts  who  are 


FOOD  125 

trained  to  recognize  in  the  condition  of  the  body  the  results  of  a 
lack  of  iron  or  calcium  or  some  other  mineral.  An  adequate  supply 
of  calcium  (lime  salts)  is  particularly  important,  for  it  is  required 
for  bones  and  teeth.  Foods  must  be  selected  which  contain  these 
minerals  in  a  form  in  which  they  are  readily  assimilated  by  the 
body.  Of  all  the  food  materials  there  are  none  from  which  the 
minerals  are  more  readily  assimilated  than  milk.  For  that  reason, 
if  for  no  other,  every  one,  and  particularly  young  children,  should 
have  plenty  of  milk.  Milk,  however,  cannot  be  relied  upon  to  fur- 
nish all  the  necessary  minerals,  for  while  milk  is  rich  in  calcium  it 
is  relatively  poor  in  iron.  This  may  be  supplied  by  the  yolk  of  the 
egg  or  by  fruit  and  vegetables  which  are  important  sources  of 
minerals.  Meats  may  also  serve  as  a  source  of  certain  minerals, 
but  they  are  not  so  desirable  for  this  purpose  as  either  milk  or 
fruits  and  vegetables. 

There  are  two  other  substances  and  possibly  a  third  which  must 
be  supplied  to  keep  the  body  healthy  and  strong.  Very  little  is 
known  about  the  nature  of  these  substances  or  their  exact  function 
in  digestion.  When  their  presence  in  foods  was  discovered  these 
substances  were  given  the  name  "  vitamines,"  but  more  recently 
the  first  two  have  been  called  "  fat-soluble  A"  and  "  water-soluble  B  " 
because  the  first  substance  can  be  dissolved  in  fat  and  the  second  in 
water.  The  third  substance  is  still  controversial.2  The  substance 
called  "  fat-soluble  A  "  is  found  most  abundantly  in  butter-fat,  milk, 
and  egg1  yolk,  and  to  a  lesser  extent  in  the  leaves  of  plants.  The 
"  water-soluble  B  "  is  present  in  abundance  in  all  natural  foods 
except  those  derived  from  seeds  from  which  the  germ,  or  the  bran, 
has  been  removed ;  e.g.,  bolted  flour,  starch,  sugar,  rice,  and  fats  and 
oils  of  both  vegetable  and  animal  origin.  In  order  to  promote  health, 
to  increase  resistance  to  disease,  to  produce  conditions  which  make 
for  efficiency  and  long  life,  the  diet  should  contain  liberal  amounts 
of  milk  and  leafy  vegetables.  Milk  and  leafy  vegetables  are  "  pro- 
tective "  in  character  in  that  they  correct  the  deficiencies  in  other 
foods.  To  summarize,  the  essentials  of  an  adequate  diet  include 
fuel  to  keep  the  body  warm,  protein  and  mineral  matter  to  provide 
tissue  building  material,  and  the  substances  called  vitamines  to  main- 
tain the  conditions  necessary  to  health  and  growth. 

2  See  American  Journal  of  Children's  Diseases,  April,  1919,   <c  Factors 
Affecting  the  Anti-Scorbutic  Value  of  Food  "  by  A.  F.  Heff  and  L.  J.  linger. 


126 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


General  directions  for  planning  dietaries  might  be  summed  up 
as  follows : 

Include  in  the  dietary:  cereals,  sugar,  potatoes,  fats,  oils,  and 
other  foods  that  serve  as  fuel  for  the  body. 

Include  milk  and  milk  products,  cereals  and  legumes,  meats  and 
eggs  in  order  to  furnish  protein  for  building  tissues. 

Include  milk  and  milk  products,  vegetables,  fruits,  and  eggs,  in 
order  to  secure  an  adequate  supply  of  calcium,  iron  and  other 
essential  minerals. 

Include  milk,  eggs,  and  leafy  vegetables  in  order  to  supply  the 
"  protective  substances  "  called  vitamines. 

Directions  for  planning  meals  are  stated  in  the  following  table : 3 


Food  groups 

Purposes 

Amount  needed  daily  by 
a  man  at  moderate  mus- 
cular work 

No.  1.  Fruits  and  vege- 

To give  bulk  and  to  in- 

1% to  3  pounds 

tables 

sure  mineral  and  body- 

regulating  materials 

No.  2.  Medium  fat  meats, 

To  insure   enough  pro- 

8 to  16  ounces  (4  ounces 

eggs,      cheese,      dried 

tein 

of  milk  counting  as  1 

legumes,    and    similar 

ounce) 

foods,  milk 

No.  3.  Wheat,  corn,  oats, 

To     supply     starch,    a 

8     to     16    ounces    (in- 

rye,   rice    and    other 

cheap  fuel,  and  to  sup- 

creasing as  foods  from 

cereals,  potatoes,  sweet 

plement    the     protein 

Group  2  decrease) 

potatoes 

from  Group  2 

No.  4.  Sugar,honey,sirup, 
and  other  foods  con- 

To   supply    sugar,    a 
quickly  absorbed  fuel, 

13/2  to  3  ounces 

sisting  chiefly  of  sugar 

useful  for  flavor 

No.    5.  Butter,   oil   and 

To    insure   fat,    a   fuel 

1^  to  3  ounces 

other  foods  consisting 

which  gives  richness 

chiefly  of  fat 

Moderate  muscular  work  would  include  such  occupations/  as 
that  of  a  typesetter,  a  letter-carrier,  a  motorman,  a  chauffeur,  a 
carpenter,  or  painter.  Persons  who  do  hard  manual  labor  would 
require  more,  those  who  exercise  little  would  require  less  food. 
The  directions  in  the  table  provide  the  variety  essential  to  an  ade- 
quate diet,  but  they  need  to  be  modified  to  supply  the  needs  of 
persons  of  different  ages  and  different  occupations. 

3  The  Day's  Food  in  Peace  and  War,  page  19.  - 


FOOD  127 


EXERCISE  IV 
(Use  Tables  C  and  D,  pages  184  and  188) 

1.  Make  out  a  day's  dietary  for  a  typesetter  in  accordance  with 
the  above  directions,  and  estimate  the  cost  of  the  food. 

2.  Plan  a  day's  dietary  for  a  letter-carrier  at  a  cost  not  to 
exceed  40  cents ;  50  cents ;  60  cents. 

3.  Make  out  a  day's  dietary  for  a  family  consisting  of  a  car: 
penter,  his  wife  who  does  all  the  housework,  and  three  children 
under  ten  years  of  age.     The  three  children  will  require  about  as 
much  food  as  two  adults.    Estimate  the  cost  of  the  food. 

4.  In  the  dietaries  you  have  planned,  which  foods  supply  pro- 
tein?   Calcium?    Iron?    Vitamines? 

5.  Criticize  the  following  day's  dietary  for  a  travelling  salesman, 
and  modify  it  to  meet  his  needs. 

Breakfast :       1  pork   chop    4     oz. 

3  rolls 2     oz. 

Butter    1     oz. 

Potatoes     4     oz. 

Cream  for  coffee 1     oz. 

Sugar    %  oz. 

Lunch :  2  fried    eggs     4     oz. 

Ham    , 4     oz. 

Waffles 2     oz. 

Syrup   3     oz. 

Butter    2     oz. 

Dinner :  Steak    4     oz. 

Butter 1     oz. 

Bread 2     dz. 

Potatoes     4     oz. 

Apple  pie: 

Apples    3     oz. 

Flour    1/2  oz. 

Fat    %  oz. 

Sugar    y2  oz. 

Cheese     ^  oz. 

6.  Criticize  the  following  day's  dietary  for  a  housekeeper: 

Breakfast :       1  slice  toast    1     oz. 

Butter     %  oz. 

Cream  for  coffee    %  oz. 

Sugar    %  oz. 


128  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Lunch:  2  sandwiches: 

Bread    4  oz. 

Butter     1  oz. 

Cheese  1  oz. 

1  glass  milk  8  oz. 

1  apple  4  oz. 

Dinner :  Canned  baked  beans 4  oz. 

Canned  tomatoes  3  oz. 

Bread  3  oz. 

Butter  1  oz. 

Sugar  for  coffee  %  oz. 

Cream  %  oz. 

Stewed  prunes  5  oz. 

7.  Does  the  dietary  in  example  19  on  page  159  fulfill  the  require- 
ments with  regard  to  vegetables  and  fruit  ?    How  would  you  modify 
this  dietary  to  conform  to  the  above  standard  ?    What  would  be  the 
increase  in  cost? 

8.  Find  the  weight  of  the  different  groups  of  foods  in  the  dietary 
in  example  17  on  page  158.     How  would  you  alter  this  dietary  to 
serve  a  family  of  four  persons  of  whom  two  are  children? 

9.  From  the  following  list -of  foods  make  out  a  day's  dietary 
for  a  child  of  nine  years  who  requires  about  six-tenths  as  much 
food  as  a  man  at  moderate  muscular  exercise.    Estimate  the  cost  of 
the  dietary : 

Breakfast : 

Orange  or  stewed  prunes  or  baked  apple 

Oatmeal  or  other  well -cooked  cereal 

Milk 

Toast  and  butter. 
Dinner : 

Soft-cooked  egg  or  small  portion  of  meat 

Potatoes 

Carrots  or  parsnips  or  onions  or  spinach 

Milk 

Bread  or  rice  or  hominy 

Butter  or  jelly 

Pudding  or  cake  or  cookies. 
Supper : 

Cream  soup  or  milk  on  porridge  or  rice  or  milk  toast 

Bread  and  butter 

Pudding  or  stewed  fruit. 

FOOD  BUDGETS 

The  following  budgets  may  be  suggestive  in  determining  the 
amount  of  money  to  be  spent  for  each  of  the  five  divisions  of  foods. 
They  have  been  worked  out  in  such  a  way  as  to  insure  an  ample 


FOOD  129 

amount  df  calcium,  iron,  and  other  minerals,  as  well  as  vitamines, 
provided  that  the  amount  of  money  spent  for  food  is  sufficient  to 
furnish  an  adequate  supply  of  fuel  for  the  needs  of  the  body : 

Food  Budget,  or  Division  of  Food  Money,  for  a  Minimum  Income* 

Per  cent. 

1.  Fruits  and  vegetables   20 

2.  (a)   Meat,  fish,  eggs,  etc 20 

(&)   Milk    20 

3.  Cereals    25 

4.  Sugars   and   condiments 5 

5.  Fats     10 

Dr.  H.   C.  Sherman's   Suggested  Food  Budgets B 

Per  cent. 

Meat,  poultry,  and  fish 10-15 

Eggs   5-7 

Milk    25-30 

Cheese    2-3 

Butter  and  other  fats 10-12 

Bread,  cereals  and  other  grain  products.  .    12-15 

Sugar  and  other  sweets About  3 

Vegetables   and    fruits    15—18 

EXERCISE  V 

1.  A  family  has  $15  a  week  to  spend  for  food.    What  would  you 
allow  for  each  of  the  five  groups  using  the  budget  for  the  minimum 
income  ?    With  the  amount  of  money  allowed  for  milk,  how  many 
quarts  a  day  could  be  bought  ? 

2.  If  there  are  two  adults  and  four  children  in  the  family, 
what  would  you  buy  with  the  money  allowed  for  meat,  fish,  and  eggs  ? 

3.  A  family  consisting  of  two  adults  and  three  children  under 
ten  years  of  age  has  an  income  of  $2000.     What  amount  may  be 
allowed  for  food  each  week  ?    What  may  be  allowed  for  each  division 
of  the  food  budget?     Make  a  list  of  the  vegetables  and  fruits  for 
this  family  for  a  week,  usirg  the  current  prices. 

4.  Classify   the   expenditures   for   food   recorded   in   the   cash 
accounts  in  examples  3  and  4,  pages  32  and  33,  and  find  what  per 
cent,  was  spent  for  each  class  of  foods.     How  closely  do  the  expendi- 
tures conform  to  either  of  the  suggested  budgets  ?    What  criticisms 
would  you  make  ?    What  changes  ? 

4  Modified  from  a  budget  used  by  social  workers. 

6  The  Chemistry  of  Food  and  Nutrition,  H.  C.  Sherman,  used  by  per- 
mission of  and  arrangement  with  the  Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 
9 


130  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

5.  Plan  a  week's  dietary  for  a  family  of  two  adults  and  two 
children  under  12  years  of  age  if  $12.50  is  allowed  for  food. 

6.  Keep  an  accurate  account  of  the  food  purchased  for  use  in 
your  home  for  a  week.    Find  what  per  cent,  of  the  total  is  spent  for 
each  class  of  foods  and  how  closely  these  percentages  conform  to 
either  of  the  suggested  budgets. 

7.  Plan  a  week's  dietary  for  your  family. 

FOOD  AS  FUEL  AND  TISSUE-BUILDING  MATERIAL 

The  directions  that  have  been  given  serve  in  a  general  way  to 
show  how  meals  should  be  planned  to  provide  the  kinds  of  food 
needed  to  keep  the  body  warm  and  to  provide  materials  for  building 
tissues  and  for  maintaining  the  conditions  essential  to  health  and 
growth.  It  is  possible  to  measure  the  amount  of  fuel  and  of  tissue- 
building  material  that  is  supplied  by  different  foods  and  in  this  way 
to  plan  dietaries  that  meet  the  needs  of  persons  of  different  ages 
and  occupations.  Not  enough  is  known  about  the  so-called  vita- 
mines,  however,  to  measure  them,  and  for  that  reason  dietaries 
should  be  planned  to  include  milk,  eggs,  and  leafy  vegetables  in 
which  they  are  known  to  be  present  in  order  to  supply  any  deficien- 
cies that  might  otherwise  occur. 

When  food  is  used  as  fuel  to  provide  heat  for  the  body,  its  value 
is  measured  not  by  its  weight  or  quantity,  but  by  its  heat-producing 
power.  The  amount  of  heat  produced  when  any  substance  is  burned 
can  be  measured  by  the  effect  of  the  heat  upon  a  certain  amount  of 
water. 

Since  foodstuffs  are  burned  in  the  body,  the  amount  of  heat 
they  yield  is  measured  by  using  them  as  fuel  to  heat  a  certain 
amount  of  water  and  observing  the  change  in  temperature  of  the 
water.  These  observations  have  to  be  made  with  scientific  instru- 
ments especially  prepared  for  the  purpose. 

The  amount  of  heat  required  to  warm  a  pound,  i.e.,  approxi- 
mately a  pint  of  water  4  degrees  Fahrenheit  is  called  a  Large 
Calorie  (or  simply  a  Calorie).  For  example:  if  the  temperature  of 
1  pound  of  water  were  60  degrees  Fahrenheit,  it  would  require 
1  Calorie  of  heat  to  raise  the  temperature  to  64  degrees. 

The  precise  scientific  definition  of  a  Calorie  is  the  amount  of 
heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  one  kilogram  of  water 
1  degree  Centigrade. 


FOOD  131 

.      * 

The  fuel  value  of  foods  has  been  determined  by  scientists,  and 
the  results  of  their  investigations  have  made  it  rjossible  to  estimate 
the  heat-producing  power  of  food  materials. 

A  table  of  the  fuel  value  of  common  food  materials  is  given  on 
page  175.  By  means  of  this  table  of  the  fuel  value  of  foods,  it  is  pos- 
sible to  estimate  the  fuel  value  of  the  food  materials  in  menus  and 
dietaries. 

FUEL  REQUIREMENTS 

The  amount  of  fuel  needed  by  each  person  depends  to  some 
extent  upon  his  occupation,  his  age,  his  height,  and  his  weight. 
Tall,  thin  persons  require  more  fuel  than  short,  fat  persons,  because 
they  have  more  radiating  surface  in  proportion  to  their  weight. 
Persons  who  are  engaged  in  active  manual  labor,  such  as  washing 
clothes  or  sawing  wood,  require  more  fuel  than  those  who  spend 
a  large  part  of  their  time  writing  at  a  desk  or  sewing.  More  fuel 
is  required  by  children  in  proportion  to  their  weight  than  by  older 
persons  both  because  they  are  more  active  and  because  they  are 
growing  and  must  have  more  material  to  provide  for  their  increasing 
size. 

If  an  adult's  occupation  is  known,  his  fuel  requirement  may  be 
estimated  from  the  following  tables : 6 

TABLE   I.     FUEL   KEQUIREMENT   FOE   ADULTS 
Approximate  Energy  Requirements  of  Average-sized  Man 

Calories  per  pound  of  body  weight 
per  hour 

Sleeping    0.4 

Sitting  quietly    0.6 

At  light  muscular  exercise 1.0 

At  active  muscular  exerciso   2.0 

At  severe  muscular  exercise   : .  3.0 

TABLE  II.     FUEL  REQUIREMENT.  DURING  GROWTH 

Approximate  energy  requirement  for   children,   allowing   for  moderate 

exercise. 

Calories  per  pound  of  body  weight 
'Age  in  years  per  day 

Under    1    45 

1-2 45-40 

2-5    40-36 

6-9 36-30 

10-13    30-27 

14-17   - 27-20 

17-25    not  less  than  18 

a  Kinne  and  Cooley.  Foods  and  Household  Management,  pages  299- 
301.  Used  by  permission  of  and  special  arrangement  with  the  Macmillan 
Company,  Publishers. 


132  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Light  exercise  may  be  considered  to  mean  such  work  as  running 
a  sewing  machine,  or  standing  at  a  stove,  or  walking.  Stenogra- 
phers, teachers,  and  seamstresses  do  little  work  heavier  than  this. 

Active  exercise  involves  use  of  more  muscles.  General  house- 
workers  and  delivery  boys  do  about  this  grade  of  work. 

Severe  exercise  causes  strain  which  hardens  and  enlarges  the 
muscles.  Active  sports  such  as  swimming,  bicycling  up  hill,  and 
hard  labor  such  as  washing  and  gardening,  are  typical  of  this  grade 
of  work. 

Still  heavier  work  such  as  is  done  by  lumbermen  and  excavators 
demands  an  even  greater  allowance  of  food  for  fuel. 

In  estimating  the  allowance  of  food  for  children,  due  considera- 
tion must  be  given  to  their  greater  activity,  and  the  estimates  in 
Table  II  should  usually  be  considered  as  the  minimum  fuel 
requirement. 

EXERCISE  VI 

Problem. — Estimate  the  probable  energy  requirement  of  a  stenographer, 
28  years  old,  weighing  125  pounds,  whose  time  is  divided  each  day  about 
as  follows:  Sleeping,  8  hours;  sitting  quietly  at  meals,  reading,  taking 
dictation,  etc.,  8  hours;  at  light  muscular  exercise,  dressing,,  standing, 
walking,  typing,  etc.,  6  hours;  at  active  muscular  exercise,  playing  tennis, 
etc.,  2  hours.  Use  Table  I. 

8  X  0.4  Calories  =  3.2  Calories  per  pound  of  body  weight 

8  X  0.6  Calories  =  4.8  Calories  per  pound  of  body  weight 

6  X  1.0  Calories  =  6.  Calories  per  pound  of  body  weight 

2  X  2.0  Calories  =  4.  Calories  per  pound  of  body  weight 

Total  Calories  per  pound  per  day=  18. 

125  X  18  =  2250,  total  Calories,  per  day. 

From  the  tables  on  page  131  find  the  total  fuel  requirement  per 
day  for  each  of  the  following  individuals : 

1.  A  teacher  30  years  old  who  weighs  145  pounds,  and  whose 
daily  schedule  is  as  follows:  Sleeping,  8  hours;  sitting  quietly,  5 
hours;  at  active  exercise,  1  hour;  at  light  exercise,  10  hours. 

2.  A  general  house  worker,  42  years  old,  who  weighs  152  pounds 
and  whose  daily  schedule  is  as  follows :  Sleeping,  8  hours ;  sitting,  4 
hours ;  at  active  exercise,  8  hours ;  at  light  exercise,  4  hours. 

3.  A  laundress,  50  years  old,  who  weighs  170  pounds  and  whose 
daily  schedule  is  as  follows:   Sleeping,  8  hours;  sitting  quietly. 
3  hours ;  at  active  exercise,  9  hours ;  at  light  exercise,  4  hours. 


FOOD  133 

4.  Make  out  time  schedules  for  your  parents,  and  calculate  their 
probable  energy  requirements. 

5.  Estimate  the  probable  energy  requirement  of  a  day  laborer 
who  weighs  170  pounds;  a  dentist  who  weighs  180  pounds. 

Estimate  the  probable  fuel  requirement  for  the  following  young 
persons  and  tabulate  the  results : 

6.  A  child,  5  years  old,  who  weighs  42  pounds. 

7.  A  child,  8  years  old>  who  weighs  46  pounds. 

8.  A  boy,  10  years  old,  who  weighs  62  pounds. 

9.  A  messenger  boy,  14  years  old,  who  weighs  97  pounds. 

10.  A  nursemaid,  15  years  old,  who  weighs  106  pounds. 

11.  A  farm  hand,  16  years  old,  who  weighs  140  pounds. 

12.  A  school  girl,  16  years  old,  who  weighs  109  pounds. 

13.  A  policeman,  22  years  old,  who  weighs  160  pounds. 

14.  A  stenographer,  22  years  old,  who  weighs  125  pounds. 

15.  Estimate  your  own  fuel  requirements. 

16.  Estimate  the  fuel  requirements  of  your  own  family. 
Estimate  the  probable  fuel  requirements  j)er  pound  body  weight 

of  the  following  persons  and  tabulate  the  results : 

17.  A  carpenter,  of  average  weight  (154  pounds),  whose  daily 
schedule  includes  8  hours  sleeping,  6  hours  sitting,  4  hours  at  light 
exercise  and  6  hours  at  active  exercise. 

18.  A  houseworker,  of  average  weight  (123  pounds),  whose  daily 
schedule  is  similar  to  that  of  the  carpenter  in  the  preceding  problem. 

19.  A  bookkeeper,  of  average  weight  (154  pounds),  who  sleeps 

7  hours,  sits  10  hours,  and  stands  at  desk  or  walks  7  hours. 

20.  A  seamstress,  of  average  weight  (123  pounds),  whose  daily 
schedule  is  similar  to  that  of  the  bookkeeper  in  the  preceding 
problem. 

21.  A  salesman,  of  average  weight  (154  pounds),  who  sleeps 

8  hours,  sits  quietly  4  hours,  stands  or  walks  10  hours,  and  exercises 
actively  for  2  hours. 

22.  A  saleswoman,  of  average  weight  (123  pounds),  whose  daily 
schedule  is  similar  to  that  of  the  man. 

EXEKCISE   VII 

The  use  of  scientific  standards  of  food  requirements  frequently 
necessitates  conversion  from  kilograms  to  pounds  or  vice  versa. 
[One  pound  equals  .454  kilograms.  One  kilogram  equals!  2.2 


134 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


pounds.    See  also  Metric  Equivalent  Measures,  Table  E,  page  1901 
(Fig.  25). 

1.  The  average  weight  of  a  man  is  said  to  be  approximately  70 
kilograms,  of  a  woman  56  kilograms.    Express  these  average  weights 
in  pounds. 

2.  Sill  allows  80  Calories  per  kilogram  per  day  for  children 
between  6  and  9  years  old.     How  does  this  allowance  compare  with 
the  standards  on  page  131  ? 


FIG.  25. — 1  kilogram  equals  2.2  pounds. 


3.  The  average  weights  of  children  from  birth  to  4  years  are 
given  in  kilograms  in  the  following  table.7  Find  the  weights  in 
pounds  and  tabulate : 


Age 

At  birth 
6  months 
1  year     . , 


Kilograms 
.  .     3.4 
.  .     6.8 
9.5 


2  years — boys     13.8 

girls 13.3 

3  years — boys    15.9 

girls    15.0 

4  years — boys     17.2 

girls    16.5 


Pounds 


7  Sill.     New  York  Medical  Journal,  Jan.  14,  1911,  p.  70. 


FOOD 

FUEL  VALUE:  or  FOOD  MATERIALS 


135 


Fuel  yalue  Calories 


ruef  value  o 


400       800       120.0     1600     £000    £400    £600    3Z00  360 


fBeef,  round 


Beef;  loin 


Beef,  5foulder 


Mutton,  /eg 


Por/rj  loin 


\Codfis/i, dressed 


Beef,  round 


Beef,  /oin 


Beef,  rib 


Mutton,  leg 


Ham,  smoked 


\Codfish,  dressed 


Oysters 


Eggs 


Milk,  unskimmed 


Milk,  skimmed 


Batter 


White  I)  read 


Wr//7e  f/our 


Oatmeal 


Cornmeal 


Rice 


Beans 


Potatoes 


Sugar 


FIG.  26. — Fuel  value  of  food  materials. 
From  Bulletin  No.  142,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 


136  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

FUEL  VALUE   OF    FOODS 

The  value  of  certain  common  foods  as  sources  of  heat  is  repre- 
sented graphically  in  Fig.  26.  Opposite  the  name  of  each  food 
material  in  the  chart  is  a  broad  black  line  every  5//6  of  an  inch  on 
which  is  a  unit  and  represents  400  Calories.  The  number  of  Calories 
produced  per  pound  is  indicated  by  the  number  of  units  in  the  length 
of  the  line.  Thus,  the  line  opposite  round  of  beef  is  2^  units  long, 
and  since  %y±  units  =  900,  round  of  beef  yields  approximately  900 
Calories  per  pound.  Similarly,  dressed  cod,  which  is  followed  by 
a  line  only  %  a  unit  long,  yields  only  approximately  200  Calories 
per  pound. 

EXERCISE  VIII 

Estimate  from  the  chart  the  number  of  Calories  per  pound 
yielded  by  each  of  the  following  foods : 

1.  Mutton,  leg. 

2.  Pork,  loin. 

3.  Eggs. 

4.  Milk,  whole. 

5.  Milk,  skimmed. 

6.  Name  five  of  the  foods  in  the  chart  that  yield  a  large  number 
of  Calories  per  pound. 


FIG.  27. — 100-Calorie  portions  of  fats.  1.  Lard,  or  lard  substitute,  0.4  oz.,  1  scant 
tbs.;  2.  Butter,  0.5  oz.,  1  scant  tbs.;  3.  Butter,  0.5  oz.,  1  piece  1  y8"x  1  ^"x  1  W;  4.  Oleo- 
margarine, 0.5  oz.,  1  scant  tbs.;  5.  Olive  oil  or  other  vegetable  oil,  0.4  oz.,  1  scant  tbs. 

7.  Name  five  of  the  foods  in  the  chart  that  yield  a  small  number 
of  Calories  per  pound. 

8.  Why  does  butter  yield  the  largest  number  of  Calories  per 
pound  of  the  foods  in  the  chart  ? 

9.  How  would  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  olive  oil  com- 
pare with  the  number  yielded  by  butter  ?     Why  ? 


FOOD  137 

EXERCISE  IX 

The  fuel  value  per  pound  of  the  common  food  materials  is  given 
in  a  bulletin  published  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture. 
The  figures  are  the  result  of  scientific  experiments  covering  a  period 
of  years,  and  they  represent  the  averages  of  many  different  tests 
under  the  most  expert  supervision.8 

By  referring  to  Table  A,  page  175,  the  student  will  find  after  the 
names  of  each  food  material  seven  columns.  The  first  six  columns 
contain  numbers  that  represent  the  per  cent,  of  the  different  nutrients 
in  the  food.  The  last  column  contains  a  number  that  represents  its 
fuel  value  expressed  in  Calories  per  pound. 

Thus,  chuck  ribs  of  beef  is  made  up  of  16.3  per  cent,  refuse,  52.6 
per  cent,  water,  15.5  per  cent,  protein,  15  per  cent,  fat,  no  carbohy- 
drates, 0.8  per  cent,  mineral  ash.  One  pound  of  this  meat  produces 
910  Calories. 

For  the  present  the  student  may  disregard  the  chemical  composi- 
tion and  refer  only  to  the  column  headed  "  Fuel  value  per  pound." 

1.  Eead  from  the  table  the  number  of  Calories  produced  by  one 
pound  of  each  of  the  following  food  materials : 

a.  Fruits  and  vegetables:  Skimmed  milk 

Lettuce  Buttermilk 

Green  corn  c.  Cereal  food: 

Onions  Entire  wheat  flour 

Cabbage  Graham  flour 

Apples  Macaroni 

Bananas  Cornmeal 

6.  Meats,  fish,  milk,  eggs,  etc.:  Oat  breakfast  food 

Sirloin  beeksteak  White  bread 

Beef,  rump  d.  Sugars: 

Leg  of  lamb  Sugar 

Fresh  pork  chops  Molasses 

Halibut  steak  Honey 

Cheddar  cheese  e.  Fats: 

Hen's  eggs  Butter 

Peanuts  Bacon 

Dried  beans  Cream 

Whole  milk 

2.  Find  the  number  of  Calories  per  one-half  pound  of  each  of  the 
above  food  materials. 

8  Principles  of  Nutrition  and  Nutritive  Value  of  Food.  U.  S.  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture.  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  142. 


138 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


3.  Estimate  the  fuel  value  of  5  ounces  of  each  of  the  above  food 
materials. 

4.  Estimate  the  fuel  value  of 


1  c.  milk 

1  c.  butter 

1  tbs.  butter 

1  c.  rice 

1  c.  flour 


1  tbs.  sugar 

1  egg 

1  orange 

1  square  bitter  chocolate 

1  loaf  bread 


FIG.  28. — 100-Calorie  portions  of  fruits.  1.  Orange,  9.5  oz.,  1  large  (3"  diam.); 
2  Peaches,  canned,  7.5  oz.,  2  large  halves  (2K"-3"  diam.);  3.  Grape  Fruit,  12.5  oz., 
y/2  large  (4J/6"  diam.);  4.  Prunes,  1.4  oz.,  4  medium  (size  40-50);  5.  Pineapple,  15.0  oz.,  % 
small  (4"  diam.);  6.  Raisins,  1.  1  oz.,  %  oup  (18  large);  7.  Banana,  5.5  oz.,  1  large  (6K"x 
1M");  8.  Pears,  canned,  4.7  oz.,  2  halves  (2"  diam.);  9.  Apple,  7.5  oz.,  1  large  (3"  diam.). 


5.  Estimate  the  fuel  value  and  cost  of  the  following  recipes : 


a.  Plain  muffins 
1  c.  flour 

1  egg 

1*4  c.  milk   (skimmed) 

1  tbs.  sugar 

1  tbs.  butter 

&.  White  sauce  for  vegetables 

2  tbs.  flour 

2  tbs.  butter 

1  c.  milk  (skimmed) 
c.  Home-made  ice  cream 

2  c.  milk    (whole) 
2  c.  cream 

1  c.  sugar 

2  tbs.  flour 
2  eggs 

1  tbs.  vanilla  (this  has  no  fuel 
value ) 


d.  Plain  cake 

i/4  c.  butter 

1  c.  sugar 

2  eggs 

%  c.  milk 

1%  c.  flour 

2  ts.  baking  powder 

spk.  salt 

%  ts.  vanilla 

e.  Barley  sponge  cake 

IVz  c.  barley  flour    (fuel  value 

of  1   lb.  —  1596  Calories) 
4  eggs 

iy2   c.   corn   syrup    (fuel  value 
of   1   Ib.='l266   Calories) 

1  tbs.  lemon  juice 
14  ts.  salt 

2  ts.  bakine1  nowder 


FOOD  139 

6.  The  following  dietary  provides  food  for  a  week  for  a  family 
of  five  persons.  The  father  is  a  clerk,  the  son-  is  at  school  most  of  the 
day,  and  the  wife  is  a  thin  person  who  is,  however,  well  able  to  do 
the  work.  Find  the  number  of  Calories  furnished  by  the  food  and 
the  cost  at  the  current  local  prices :  9 

Food  Material                                   Pounds  Food  Material  Pounds 

Beef  soup  meat 4      Corn  syrup 2 

Codfish 1      Beans 2 

Eggs,  1  dozen    Carrots 4 

Fats  of  various  kinds 1      Onions 4 

Milk,  21   quarts    Potatoes    15 

Cheese   .- . -". MJ      Apples 4 

Bread 12      Prunes 2 

Macaroni 1      Cocoa     V% 

Rice  1      Tea % 

Oatmeal 3      Coffee    % 

Sugar    2      Dates 1 

THE  RELATIVE  COST  OF  FOODS  AS  SOURCES  OF  FUEL 
One  important  method  of  estimating  the  relative  cost  of  foods 
is  to  find  the  cost  of  each  kind  of  food  as  a  source  of  fuel.  This 
method  leaves  out  of  consideration  the  value  of  these  food  materials 
as  sources  of  protein,  mineral  materials  and  vitamines,  without 
which  the  diet  would  be  wholly  inadequate. 

But  since  fuel  for  the  body  is  a  large  item  in  the  dietary  require- 
ment, it  is  desirable  to  know  which  foods  are  cheap  sources  of  heat. 

EXERCISE  X 

Problem. — How  many  pounds  of  dried  beef  at  45  cents  a  pound  can  be 
purchased  for  $1?   How  many  Calories  will  this  amount  of  dried  beef  yield? 
Leta?=the  number  of  pounds  of  dried  beef  to  be  bought  for  $1. 


x=  2.2  approximately,  that  is,  2.2  Ibs.  can  be  bought  for  $1. 
One  pound  yields  790  Calories. 

Hence,  2.2  ib.  yield  2.2  X  790  Calories,  or  1738  Calories. 
That  is,  $1  will  buy  1738  Calories.  •, 

The  results  may  be  tabulated  as  follows: 

COST  OF  ENERGY  DERIVED  FROM  FOODS. 


D 

ate  

Name  of  Food 
Dried  beef 

Price  per  pound 

$.45 

Pounds 
for  $1.00 

2.2 

Calories 
for  $1.00 

1738 

9  This  dietary  is  taken  from  The  Day's  Food  in  War  and  Peace,  pub- 
lished by  the  U.  S.  Food  Administration,  Department  of  Agriculture. 


140  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Classify  the  following  list  of  foods  in  the  five  groups,  find  the 
amount  of  each  food  and  the  total  number  of  Calories  that  can  be 
purchased  for  $1,  and  tabulate  the  results,  arranging  the  foods  in 
each  group  in  the  order  of  economy  as  to  fuel  value  : 

1.  Butter  12.  Tomatoes 

2.  Whole  milk  13.  Turkey 

3.  Eggs  14.  Beans,  dried 

4.  American  cheese  15.  Cornflakes 

5.  Roast  beef  16.  Dates 

6.  Rolled  oats  17.  Soda  crackers 

7.  Sugar,  granulated  18.  Raisins 

8.  Wheat  bread  19.  Walnuts 

9.  White  flour  20.  Bananas 

10.  Cornmeal  21,  Apples 

11.  Oysters 

22.  Illustrate  graphically  the  relative  amount  of  fuel  that  can 
be  obtained  from  one  dollar's  worth  of  any  five  of  the  above  foods, 
and  arrange  in  order  of  economy. 

EXERCISE  XI 

Another  method  of  comparing  the  relative  fuel  value  of  foods 
is  to  find  the  cost  of  1000  Calories  furnished  by  the  various  fuel- 
producing  food  materials.  In  estimating  the  relative  cost  of  foods 
as  sources  of  fuel,  it  must  be  remembered  that  foods  such  as  leafy 
vegetables,  which  are  primarily  of  value  because  they  furnish 
minerals  and  increase  the  bulk  of  the  food,  cannot  be  compared  on 
the  basis  of  their  fuel  value. 

Problem.  —  Find  the  weight  and  cost  of  1000  Calories  derived  from  butter. 

From  the  table  on  page  175,  butter  yields  3410  Calories  per  pound,  i.e., 

per  16  ounces. 
Let  x  represent  the  number  of  ounces  required  to  yield  1000  Calories. 

x  _  1000 
inen       — 


That  is,  ac  =  4.7,  the  number  of  ounces  of  butter  required  to  yield  1000 

Calories. 
If  the  market  price  of  butter  is  58  cents  per  pound,  4.7  ounces  will  cost 

17  cents. 
In  other  words,  1000  Calories  can  be  obtained  from  4.7  ounces  of  butter 

at  a  cost  of  17  cents. 


FOOD 


141 


Using  the  local  prices,  find  the  cost  of  1000  Calories  of  the  fol- 
lowing foods  and  arrange  the  results  in  groups  according  to  the 
classification  on  page  126.  The  least  expensive  source  of  fuel  should 
be  placed  first  in  each  group  and  the  others  should  be  arranged  in 
order  of  economy. 


1.  Bacon 

2.  Bananas 

3.  Beans,  baked,  canned 

4.  Beans,  dried 

5.  Beef  loin 

6.  Beef,  round 

7.  Bread,  white 

8.  Butter 

35  c.  per  Ib. 
48  c.  per  Ib. 
55  c.  per  Ib. 

9.  Carrots 

10.  Cheese,  American  pale 

11.  Cheese,  cream 

12.  Chicken 

13.  Chocolate 

14.  Cornflakes 

15.  Crackers,  soda 

16.  Cream 

17.  Dates 


35.  Walnuts 


18.  Eggs 

35  c.  per  doz. 
45  c.  per  doz. 
55  c.  per  doz. 
70  c.  per  doz. 

19.  Lard 

20.  Lettuce 

21.  Liver,  veal 

22.  Macaroni 

23.  Milk,  skimmed 

24.  Milk,  whole 

25.  Mutton,  leg 

26.  Oleomargarine  1( 

27.  Oranges 

28.  Oysters 

29.  Peanuts 

30.  Potatoes 

31.  Prunes,  dried  10 

32.  Raisins 

33.  Eice 

34.  Salmon,  canned 


EXERCISE   XII 

Arrange  the  foods  in  the  preceding  list  in  four  columns  in 
order  of  economy  as  follows : 

Group      I. — Less  than  10  cents  per  1000  calories. 
Group    77.— Ten  to  20  cents  per  1000  Calories. 
Group  III. — Twenty-one  to  40  cents  per  1000  Calories. 
Group   IV. — Over  40  cents  per  1000  Calories. 

"Oleomargarine:    Fuel  value  per  pound,  3525  Calories;  Prunes:  Fuel 
value  per  pound,  1400  Calories. 


142  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

EXERCISE  XIII 

Arrange  the  following  kinds  of  shortening  in  the  order  of 
economy  per  1000  Calories  and  illustrate  graphically  : 

1.  Butter  4.  Lard 

2.  Oleomargarine  5.  Crisco 

3.  Cream  6.  Olive  oil 

7.  Cotton-seed  table  oil  (4080  Calories  per  pound). 

Arrange  the  following  protein  foods  in  the  order  of  economy  per 
1000  Calories  and  illustrate  graphically: 

8.  Eound  of  beef  12.  Eolled  oats 

,9.  Leg  of  mutton  13.  Eggs 

10.  American  pale  cheese  14.  Dried  beans 

11.  Peanuts  15.  Milk 

EXERCISE    XIV 

In  estimating  the  -necessary  expenditure  for  food  for  a  family, 
the  dietary  standards  on  page  131  may  serve  as  a  guide  to  show 
how  much  fuel  is  actually  needed  by  each  individual.  When  the 
total  requirement  for  the  family  has  been  determined,  the  total 
cost  can  be  estimated  from  the  table  giving  the  cost  per  1000 
Calories.  It  is  evident  that,  for  an  economical  diet,  much  of  the 
food  should  be  chosen  from  the  group  "  less  than  10  cents  per  1000 
Calories/' 

1.  Is  it  possible  to  supply  the  necessary  fuel  requirement  for 
a  general  houseworker  requiring  about  3000  Calories  per  day,  if  50 
cents  per  day  is  allowed  for  food  ?    What  will  be  the  average  cost  of 
the  food  per  1000  Calories  ?    From  which  of  the  groups  of  foods  in 
the  table  on  page  141  would  you  select  most  of  the  foods  ? 

2.  If  55  cents  per  day  is  allowed  for  the  same  person? 

3.  If  70  cents  per  day  is  allowed  for  the  same  person? 

4.  A  family  of  2  adults  and  5  children  is  allowed  $12.50  per  week 
for  food.     If  their  total  energy  requirement  per  day  is   13,000 
Calories,  what  is  the  average  allowance  per  1000  Calories  ?    Discuss. 

5.  If  $15  is  allowed  for  the  same  family? 

6.  If  $20  is  allowed  for  the  same  family? 

7.  According  to  the   theoretical  division   of  income  given  in 
Table  II  on  page  19,  how  much  may  a  family  of  four,  whose  income 


FOOD  143 

is  $1200  a  year,  spend  per  year  for  food?  How  much  per  month? 
Per  day?  If  the  daily  fuel  requirment  is  11,000  Colories,  what 
should  be  the  average  cost  per  1000  Calories  ? 

8.  If  the  income  of  the  family  in  problem  13  is  $1500,  find  the 
average  cost  per  1000  Calories. 

9.  If  the  income  for  the  same  family  is  $2000,  from  which 
groups  of  foods  in  the  table  on  page  141  may  the  foods  be  selected? 
If  $3000? 

10.  How  much  per  1000  Calories  is  available  for  foods  on  an 


FIG.  29. — 100-Calorie  portions  of  vegetables.  1.  Turnips,  12.9  oz.,  4  turnips  (2" 
diam.);  2.  Onions,  8.0  oz.,  K  medium  (2K"-3"  diam.);  3.  Lettuce,  22.3,  oz.,  2  large  heads 
(4//x5//);  4.  Potatoes,  5.3  oz.,  1  medium  (2K"  diam.);  5.  Asparagus,  15.9  oz.,  20  8"  pieces; 
6.  Corn,  9.0  oz.,  2  6"  ears  or  3  4"  ears;  7.  Cabbage,  13.3  oz.,  %  medium  (6"  by  4")? 
8.  Tomatoes,  15.5  oz.,  2-3  medium  (2K"-3"  diam.);  9.  Carrots,  10.1  oz.,  4-5  (3"-4"). 


income  of  $2000  for  a  family  whose  daily  energy  requirement  is 
13,000  Calories? 

11.  In  an  experiment  in  economical  feeding  in  New  York  City, 
in  1917,  25  cents  per  day  was  allowed  for  food  for  an  average  sized 
policeman,  weighing  160  pounds.    Estimate  the  energy  requirement 
of  the  policeman  and  find  the  cost  of  the  food  per  1000  Calories. 

12.  In  a  similar  experiment  in  Chicago  45  cents  per  day  was 
allowed.    Find  the  average  cost  per  1000  Calories. 

13.  If  the  average  cost  of  food  is  reduced  from  29  cents  per 
1000  Calories  to  25,  what  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving?  •    . 

14.  If  the  average  cost  per  1000  Calories  is  reduced  from  28  cents 
to  25  cents,  what  is  the  actual  saving?    The  per  cent,  of  saving? 


144  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

15.  If  this  rate  of  saving  could  be  maintained,  what  would  be 
saved  in  a  week  by  a  family  that  require  12,000  Calories  per  day  ? 

16.  If  the  average  cost  per  1000  Calories  is  reduced  from  35 
cents  to  25  cents,  what  is  the  per  cent,  of  saving?     How  much 
would  be  saved  in  a  month  (30  days)  by  a  family  of  six  whose  daily 
fuel  requirement  is  13,500? 

17.  Mrs.  Montgomery  found,  after  .a  study  of  the  dietary  for 
her  family,  that  the  average  cost  per  1000  Calories  was  about  33 


FIG.  30. — 100-Calorie  portions  of  cereals  and  cereal  products.  1.  Graham  crackers, 
0.8  oz.,  2  crackers;  2.  Bread,  white,  1.4  oz.,  2  slices  3"x3K"x  K";  3.  Roll,  1.3  oz.,  1  roll, 
2"  x  3"  x  2";  4.  Soda  crackers,  0.9  oz.,  4,  3"  x  3";  5.  Steamed  Rice,  4.0  oz.,  #  c. ;  6.  Cornflakes 
1.0  oz.,  1M  c.;  7.  Rolled  oats,  cooked,  4.5  oz.,  %  c.;  8.  Saltines,  0.9  oz.,  6  saltines; 
9.  Shredded  Wheat,  1.0  oz.,  1  biscuit;  10.  Macaroni,  cooked,  5.2  oz.,  1  c.;  11.  Vanilla 
wafers,  0.8  oz.,  5,  2"  wafers. 

cents.  By  careful  management,  she  was  able  to  reduce  this  to  30 
cents  per  1000  Calories.  What  per  cent,  of  saving  did  she  make? 
18.  There  are  five  in  Mrs.  Montgomery's  family,  and  their  daily 
fuel  requirement  is  12,000  Calories.  At  33  cents  per  1000  Calories, 
find  the  cost  of  food  per  month  (30  days) .  How  much  did  she  save 
by  reducing  the  cost  to  30  cents  per  1000  Calories  ? 

100-CALORiE  PORTION 

For  the  sake  of  simplifying  the  process  of  computing  the  fuel 
value  of  foodstuffs  in  every-day  use,  a  standard  portion  has  been 
adopted.  This  standard  portion  is  the  amount  of  food  required  to 
yield  100  Calories,  and  it  is  commonly  called  the  100-Calorie  por- 
tion. In  many  cases  the  100-Calorie  portion  corresponds  to  the 


FOOD  145 

amount  of  food  usually  served  to  one  person  at  a  time.  Thus,  one 
shredded  wheat  yields  100  Calories  (Fig.  30)  and  is  a  standard  por- 
tion; one  average  potato  is  a  100-Calorie  portion  (Fig.  29);  one 
large  orange  or  one  large  apple  (Fig.  28). 

The  weight  of  100-Calorie  portions  of  common  food  materials 
can  be  computed  from  the  table  of  the  Composition  of  American 
Food  Materials  on  page  175. 


FIG.  31. — 100-Calorie  portions  of  sugar  and  other  sweeteners.  1.  Loaf  sugar,  0.9 
oz.,  3K  full  sized  pieces;  2.  Molasses,  1.2  oz.,  2  scant  tbs.;  3.  Granulated  sugar,  0.9  oz., 
2  scant  tbs.;  4.  Corn  syrup,  1.1  oz.,  2  scant  tbs.;  5.  Honey,  1.1  oz.,  IK"  cube. 

EXERCISE    XV 

Problem. — Find  the  weight  of  a  100-Calorie  portion  of  granulated  sugar 
and  translate  the  result  into  terms  of  household  measures. 

One  pound  of  sugar  yields  1750  Calories. 
(See  the  Table  on  page  175.) 
1  lb.=:16  oz. 

Let#=rthe  number  of  ounces  in  a  100-Calorie  portion; 
™         x          100 
Then  F6  =  1750 
x=.V  + 

That  is,  .9  oz.  of  granulated  sugar  yields  100  Calories. 
Hence  a  little  less  than  two  tablespoonsful  of  sugar  yields  100  Calories 
(Fig.  31), 

Find  the  number  of  ounces  in  a  100-Calorie  portion  of  the  fol- 
lowing food  materials,   and   tabulate   the   results.     Translate  the 
results  when  possible  into  terms  of  household  measures. 
10 


146  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Calories 

Food  per  Ib. 

1.  Smoked  ham 1635 

2.  Corned  beef 1245 

3.  Oysters 225 

4.  Butter 3410 

5.  Entire  wheat  flour 1650 

6.  Eice    1620 

7.  Cheddar  cheese 2075 

8.  Milk,  whole 310 

9.  Buttermilk  ..  . , 160 

10.  Peanuts    .  1775 


FIG.  32. — 100-Calorie  portions  of  protein-containing  foods.  1.  Cottage  cheese,  3.2 
oz.,  }$  c.;  2.  American  cheese,  0.8  oz.,  1  Ys"  cube;  3.  Skimmed  milk,  9.6  oz.,  1 J4  c.;  4. 
Broiled  bacon,  0.5  oz.,  4-5slices  X"x4";  5.  Whole  milk,  5.1  oz.,  %  c.;  6.  Beef  round,  1.7 
oz.,  2"x3"xK";  7.  18%  cream,  1.8  oz.,  X  c.;  8.  Lamb  chop,  1.3  oz.,  2"x2"x  %"\  9.  40% 
of  cream,  0.9  oz.,  1%  tbs.;  10.  Sardines,  1.7  oz.,  3-6;  11.  Eggs,  2.7  oz.,  1^  eggs. 

DIETARIES 

The  fuel  value  of  a  combination  of  foods  can  be  computed  by 
means  of  a  table  giving  the  weights  and  measures  of  100-Calorie 
portions  of  the  ordinary  foods.  A  list  of  100-Calorie  portions  will 
be  found  in  Table  B,  page  179. 

When  any  food  material  or  combination  of  food  materials  is  not 
found  in  the  table,  the  student  should  compute  the  fuel  value  from 
the  table  of  The  Composition  of  Common  American  Food  Materials. 
(Table  A,  page  175.) 

For  equivalent  weights  and  measures  of  the  ordinary  food 
materials,  the  student  is  referred  to  Tables  C  and  D,  pages  184 
and  188. 


FOOD  147 

Although  protein  is  not  used  primarily  as  fuel  in  the  body  and 
its  dietary  value  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  serves  to  supply  the  kind 
of  material  needed  to  build  and  repair  tissues,  nevertheless  protein 
may  serve  as  a  source  of  fuel  (Fig.  32) .  For  that  reason  the  amount 
of  protein  in  the  diet  can  be  stated  in  terms  of  Calories  instead  of 
ounces.  If  the  number  of  Calories  supplied  by  protein  in  a  day's 
dietary  is  not  less  than  10  per  cent,  nor  more  than  15  per  cent,  of  the 
total  number  of  Calories  supplied,  the  amount  of  protein  in  the  day's 
dietary  will  satisfy  the  body  requirements. 

EXERCISE   XVI 

Problem. — Find  the  total  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  y8  pound  of 

butter. 
From   the  table   of    100-Calorie   portions,   .5   oz.   of  butter  yields    100 

Calories.     (Fig.  27.) 
Since  .5  oz.  is  contained  in  */8  pound,  or  2  oz.,  4  times,  %  pound  of 

butter  yields  4  times  100  Calories  or  400  Calories. 

Problem. — Find  the  total  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  1  cup  of  cocoa. 
From  the  table  of  100-Calorie  portions,  %    of 'a  cup  of  cocoa  yields  100 

Calories. 
Since  %   cup  is  contained  in  1  cup  1%  times,  1  cup  of  cocoa  yields  1% 

times  100  Calories  or  167  Calories. 

State  the  answers  to  the  nearest  unit,  thus  33.3  Calories  should 
be  called  33  Calories,  but  33.5  Calories  should  be  called  34  Calories. 

Find  the  number  of  standard  portions,  and  the  total  number 
of  Calories  yielded  by  each  of  the  following  foods  (use  Table  B, 
page  179)  : 

1.  1  shredded  wheat  biscuit 

2.  2  slices  of  bread 

3.  4  tbs.  of  butter 

4.  8  oz.  cornflakes 

5.  12       peanuts 

6.  3  tbs.  granulated  sugar 

7.  3  large  eggs  (1  large  egg  equals  1%  medium-sized  eggs) 

8.  1  medium-sized  egg 

9.  3  large  doughnuts 

10.  1  tbs.  cream  (thick) 

11.  1  cup  whole  milk 

12.  4  dates 

13.  1  fig 

14.  1  pt.  whole  milk 


148  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

15.  14  CUP  whole  milk 

16.  1  cup  skimmed  milk 

17.  3  cups  whole  milk 

18.  1  tbs.  cream  (18  per  cent.) 

19.  %  Ib.  roast  beef 

20.  y8  cup  skimmed-milk 

EXERCISE  XVII 

Problem.  —  Find  the  number  of  100-Calorie  portions,  and  the  total 
Calories,  and  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  protein  in  a  14-cent  loaf 
of  bread  weighing  22  oz. 

From  the  table  of  100-Calorie  portions  1.4  oz.  of  bread  yields  100 
Calories,  of  which  14  are  from  protein. 

Let  x  =  the  number  of  100-Calorie  portions  in  22  oz. 


Solving,  x=  16,  approximately,  the  number  of  100-Calorie  portions. 
16  X  100=  1600,  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  22  oz.  of  bread. 
16  X    14  =  224,  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  the  protein. 

Find  the  number  of  standard  portions,  the  total  number  of 
Calories  in  each  of  the  following  foods  (use  Table  B,  page  179)  : 

1.  8  saltines 

2.  1  lamb  chop  (as  purchased) 

3.  1  graham  cracker 

4.  %  Ib.  walnuts  (shelled) 

5.  3  slices  zwieback 

6.  1  large  orange 

7.  6  Ib.  roast  beef 

8.  1  glass  buttermilk 

9.  1  qt.  oysters  (28  oysters) 

10.  1  cup  skimmed-milk 

11.  1  cup  cornflakes 

12.  1  cup  bean  soup 

13.  1  cup  beef  juice 

14.  1  pt.  peanuts  (5oz.) 

15.  1  Ib.  raisins 

16.  1  doz.  eggs 

17.  %  Ib.  brown  sugar 

18.  1  can  tomatoes  (32  oz.) 


FOOD  149 

EXEKCISE  xvrti 

In  many  of  the  simple  combinations  of  foods  that  are  commonly 
used,  such  as  crackers  and  cheese,  bread  and  butter,  bread  and  milk, 
the  amount  of  fuel  derived  from  protein  is  not  less  than  10  per  cent. 
nor  more  than  15  per  cent,  of  the  total  fuel  value  of  the  foods.  For 
that  reason  such  combinations  of  foods  can  be  added  to  the  menu 
without  altering  the  relative  amount  of  protein  in  the  day's  dietary. 

Problem.  —  Find  the  total  numiber  of  Calories,  the  number  of  Calories 
yielded  by  protein,  the  total  cost,  and  the  cost  per  1000  Calories  of  the 
following  combination  of  food  materials: 

2  oz.  of  American  pale  cheese  and  8  soda  crackers. 

From  the  table  of  100-Calorie  portions  .8  oz.  of  cheese  yields  100  Calories 

of  which  26  are  from  protein. 
Let  a?  —  the  number  of  100-Calorie  portions  in  %  Ib.  or  2  oz.  of  cheese. 

Then    -|=i 

£         x 

Solving  x  =2.  5,  the  number  of  100-Calorie  portions. 

2.5  X  100  =  250,  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  2  oz.  of  cheese. 

2.5  X    26  =  65,  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  the  protein. 

From  the  table,  8  soda  crackers  yield  200  Calories,  of  which  20  are  from 

protein. 

250  +  200  =  450,  the  total  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  the  food. 
20  +    65  =:    85,  the  total  amount  of  Calories  yielded  by  the  protein. 

85 

-—  =19  per  cent,  approximately,  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  Calories 

supplied  by  protein. 

1/8  pound  cheese  at  $.30  a  pound  is  $.0375. 
8  crackers  at  $.10  per  box  containing  22  crackers  is  $.0364. 
Hence  the  total  cost  isi  $.0739,  i.e.,  450  Calories  of  crackers  and  cheese 

cost  $.0739. 
Let  x  represent  the  number  of  dollars  in  the  cost  of  1000  Calories. 

x       _  jQOO 
1    .0739  ~:    450 


Hence,  $.16  is  the  cost  of  1000  Calories  of  crackers  and  cheese. 
The  results  may  be  tabulated  as  on  page  150. 

The  amount  of  time  involved  in  obtaining  the  desired  data  can 
be  lessened  by  observing  the  following  directions  : 

(a]  Enter  the  name  and  the  quantity  of  each  of  the  foods. 

(b)  Enter  the  weight  of  the  given  quantity  of  each  of  the  foods. 
(It  is  not  necessary  to  know  the  weight  of  certain  foods,  e.g.,  eggs, 
lettuce,  etc.,  in  order  to  determine  the  number  of  100-Calorie  por- 
tions.    After  a  little  practice  in  the  use  of  the  tables  the  student 
will  know  when  the  weight  of  a  food  need  not  be  entered.) 


150 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


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33 


FOOD  151 

(c)  Kefer  to  the  table  of  100-Calorie  portions  and  enter,  in  the 
proper  columns  after  each  food,  the  number  of  100-Calorie  portions 
and  the  number  of  protein  Calories  yielded  by  a  100-Calorie  portion. 
It  is  important,  in  securing  efficiency,  that  these  items  should  be 
entered  for  all  ingredients  before  any  of  the  other  computations 
are  made. 

(d)  Compute,  for  each  food,  the  total  number  of  Calories  and  the 
number  of  protein  Calories  yielded  by  the  given  amount. 

(e)  Find  the  totals  of  columns  7  and. 9. 

(/)  Find  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  Calories  derived 
from  protein. 

Find  the  total  number  of  Calories,  the  number  of  Calories 
derived  from  protein,  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  Calories 
derived  from  protein,  the  total  cost,  and  the  cost  per  1000-Calorie 
portion  of  the  following  combinations  of  food  materials : 

1.  One  slice  of  bread  6.  Egg  sandwich: 

}4  oz.  of  butter  2    slices   of   bread 

2.  2  slices  of  bread  1   pat  butter 
1  cup  of  whole  milk  %  egg 

3.  1  shredded  wheat                                 7.  One  glass  milk 
y%  cup  of  18  per  cent,  cream  Date  sandwich: 

4.  10  peanuts  2  slices  of  bread 
1  apple  1  pat  butter 

5.  Beef   sandwich:  4  dates 

2  slices  of  bread  8.  Cream  tomato  soup. 

1  pat  butter  Crackers 

1  tbs.  of  chopped  beef 

9.  Make  a  simple  combination  of  foods  similar  to  the  preced- 
ing, and  find  the  total  number  of  Calories,  the  number  of  Calories 
derived  from  protein,  and  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of 
Calories  derived  from  protein. 

EXERCISE   XIX 

The  fuel  value  of  menus  can  be  computed  by  the  same  method 
as  that  used  in  computing  the  fuel  value  of  combinations  of  foods. 
Problem. — In  the  following  menu,  compute: 

( 1 )  the  total  number  of  Calories ; 

(2)  the  average  number  of  Calories  per  individual; 

(3)  the  total  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  protein; 

(4)  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  Calories  derived 

from  protein ; 

(5)  the  total  cost; 

(6)  the  cost  per  individual; 

(7)  the  cost  per  1000  Calories. 


152 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


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FOOD 


153 


Bouillon 

Crackers,  saltines 15 

Chicken     5  Ibs. 

Chicken  gravy: 

Chicken  stock   1  cup 

Flour 2  tbs. 

Water    1  cup 

Rice    1  cup 


Dinner  Menu  for  Six  Persons 

1  y2  cans  Butter 4  oz. 


Cranberry  sauce: 

Cranberries 1  cup 

Sugar Vi  cup 

Water   y%  cup 

Lettuce  salad: 

Lettuce   1  head 

French  dressing   . .  . » %  cup 


Asparagus    1  bunch    Ice  cream 1  qt. 

Bread %   loaf  Sponge  cake %  recipe 

Recipe  for  Sponge  Cake. 

2  eggs 

1  c.  sugar 

1  c.  flour 

iy2  ts.  baking  powder 

y2  ts.   vanilla 

Cream  6  tbs. 

Coffee  6  tbs. 

Sugar 9  lumps 

The  results  are  tabulated  on  page  152. 

In  estimating  the  fuel  value  of  dietaries  it  is  sometimes  desir- 
able to  compute  the  fuel  value  of  each  meal  in  the  dietary  separately, 
and  then  to  combine  the  totals;  otherwise  the  amount  of  compu- 


FIG.  33. — A  dinner  for  a  woman. 

tation  is  somewhat  lessened  by  computing  the  fuel  value  of  the 
entire  dietary  at  the  same  time,  combining  all  the  foods  that  occur 
in  more  than  one  meal  and  finding  their  fuel  value  as  a  whole.  To 
illustrate,  if  butter  is  served  at  the  table  and  if  it  is  also  used  in 
the  preparation  of  vegetables,  it  is  simpler  to  find  the  total  fuel 
value  of  the  butter  used  than  to  compute  each  amount  separately. 
In  the  same  way,  if  milk  is  served  at  each  meal  and  also  used  in 
cooking,  it  is  usually  simpler  to  find  the  fuel  value  of  the  total 
amount  for  the  day  than  for  each  recipe  and  each  meal  separately. 


154  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

The  recipes  in  the  menus  given  011  pages  154-157  are  printed 
on  pages  138  and  172-173.  If  the  fuel  value  of  these  recipes  has  been 
computed  and  kept  on  file,  these  results  can  be  used  in  computing 
the  fuel  value  of  the  dietaries :  if  not,  the  computation  will  have  to 
be  made  at  this  time  or  other  foods  substituted. 

In  each  of  the  following  menus  and  dietaries  compute: 

(a)  the  total  number  of  Calories  per  meal  or  per  day; 

(&)  the  average  number  of  Calories  per  individual  per  meal 
or  per  day; 

(c)  the  total  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  protein  per  meal 
or  per  day; 

(d)  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  Calories  derived  from 
protein ; 

(e)  the  total  cost; 

(/)  the  cost  per  individual; 
(g)  the  cost  per  1000  Calories. 

Criticize  the  results  when  possible  with  reference  to  the  per  cent, 
of  fuel  supplied  by  protein. 

1.  Breakfast  for  1  person : 

Orange 1 

Cornflakes    1  oz. 

Thin  cream   •  •  %  cup 

Rolls 2 

Butter    1  pat 

Milk    1  glass 

2.  Breakfast  for  1  person : 

Banana 1 

Farina 1  oz.  dry 

Thin  cream   %  cup 

Toast 2  slices 

Butter    :....!  pat 

Egg     1 

Coffee   : 1  tbs. 

Cream 1  tbs. 

Sugar   2  ts. 

3.  Breakfast  for  a  family  of  6 : 

Stewed  prunes   %  lb.  with  juice 

Shredded  wheat  biscuit 6 

Whole  milk 2  qts. 

Bread    %  loaf 

Butter    3  oz. 

Bacon  12  slices 

Eggs  6 


FOOD  155 


4.  Lunch  for  family  of  6 : 

Peas,  green    1  qt. 

Milk    14  cup 

Cream  of  salmon  on  toast 

Salmon   J/£  Ib. 

Cream  sauce   1  cup 

Toast 6  slices 

Graham  bread    12  slices 

Butter    6  oz. 

Peaches 6 

5.  Lunch  for  2  girls : 

Eggs  3 

Bread   . 6  slices 

Butter    2  oz. 

Spinach,   boiled,    chopped    1  pt. 

Milk    2    glasses 

Plain   cake    2  pieces 

6.  Lunch  for  a  school  girl : 

Cream  of  pea  soup 

Peas    . %  can 

Sugar   y2  ts. 

Water ys  cup 

Milk 1/2  cup 

Butter    ••...%  tbs. 

Flour    y2  tbs. 

Toast    2  slices 

Butter    1  tbs. 

Baked  apple   1 

Cookies,  plain    2 

7.  Dinner  for  a  woman  (Fig.  33,  page  153)  : 

Cold  roast  beef 3  oz. 

Potato    1 

Tomato  salad 

Tomato I 

Mayonnaise    dressing    . .  . . 1  tbs. 

Lettuce 2  leaves 

Roll 1 

Butter 1  tbs. 

Ice  cream    %  cup 

Sponge  cake  1  piece 

8.  Lunch  for  4  girls : 

Lamb  chops 4 

Baked  potatoes    4 

Bread   8  slices 

Butter    8  tbs. 

Bananas  and  oranges  sliced 

Bananas  2 

Oranges    2 

Sugar 2  ts. 

Cookies,  plain  8 


156  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

9.  Lunch  for  3  children: 

Milk  toast 

Milk    3  cups 

Toast    6  slices 

Stewed  prunes   i£  lb.  ( dried) 

Barley  sponge  cake 3  pieces 


10.  Dinner  for  6  adults: 

Tomato  soup 

Tomatoes,  canned    1  cup 

Milk    1  qt. 

Flour    2  tbs. 

Salt    2  ts. 

Soda    y2  tbs. 

Butter    2  tbs. 

Mutton,  leg 3  Ibs. 

Mashed  potatoes    6 

Bread   %  loaf 

Butter    4  oz. 

String  beans  1  qt. 

Cabbage  salad 

Cabbage    14  head 

Salt .  . .  V2  ts. 

Mustard  %  ts. 

Cayenne   spk. 

Sugar    1  ts. 

Egg  1 

Milk   %  cup 

Butter    2  ts. 

Vinegar %  cup 

Lemon  Jelly 

Gelatin  2  tbs. 

Water     2%  cups 

Sugar   1  cup 

Lemons    2 

Thick  cream   1  cup 

Coffee   3  tbs. 

Sugar  6  lumps 


11.  Supper  for  2  adults  and  3  children: 

Cheese  souffle" 

Cheese    14  lb. 

Eggs    4 

Cream  sauce   1  y2  cups 

Riced  potatoes   5 

Bread    12  slices 

Butter    8  pats 

Cake,  plain 5  slices 

Baked  apples   5 


FOOD  157 

Decide  upon  the  amount  of  each  kind  of  food  to  be  served  in 
the  following  menus,  and  then  compute  the  fuel  value  as  above : 

12.  Dinner  for  a  child  5  years  old  : 

Bread  Green  peas    (fresh) 

Butter  Prunes 

•  Creamed  potatoes  Milk 

» 

13.  Dinner  for  a  salesman's  family  of  2  adults  and  a  child  8 
years  old : 

Roast  beef  Spinach 

Creamed  macaroni  Celery    and    nut    salad    with 

1  cup  macaroni  French  dressing 

1  cup  cream  sauce!  Ice  cream 
Bread  and  butter 

14.  Dinner  for  a  machinist's  family  of  2  adults  and  3  children : 

Roast  pork  Cabbage  salad 

Mashed  potatoes  and  gravy  Apple  pie 

Bread  and  butter  Cheese 
Creamed  carrots 

15.  Make  an  accurate  list  of  the  amount  and  kind  of  food  served 
in  your  home  for  breakfast  and  compute  the  fuel  value  of  the  meal 
as  above. 

16.  Dietary  for  a  child  2-4  years  old :  u 

Breakfast:  7.30  A.M. 

Oatmeal   mush    0.8  ounce  dry  cereal 

Milk    1  ^  cups 

Stale  bread    1  slice 

Orange  juice   4  tbs.  ( 33  Calories ) 

Lunch :  11  A.M. 

Milk    1  cup 

Stale  bread    1  slice 

Butter 1  ts. 

"Adapted  from  child's  dietary  in  The  Feeding  of  Young  Children,  by 
Mary  Swartz  Rose.  Used  by  permission  of  and  special  arrangement  with 
the  Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 


158  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Dinner:  1  P.M. 

Baked  potato    1 

Boiled  onion    ( mashed )    , 1 

Bread  and  butter 1  slice 

Milk  to  drink 1  cup 

Baked  apple 1 

Supper:  5.30  P.M. 

Boiled  rice 4  tbs.,  dry 

Milk    -.      %  cup 

Bread  and  butter 1  slice 

17.  Dietary  for  a  business  man  of  average  weight  arranged  tc 
agree  with  the  Atwater  dietary  standards.12 

Breakfast. 

Weight  of  food 
in  ounces 

Bananas       3.5 

Oatmeal  (weighed  dry )    1.0 

Sugar    1.0 

Cream 2.0 

Eggs,  2 3.5 

Toast    2.0 

Roll  '. 1.0 

Butter    .                                                                  .  0.5 


Luncheon. 


Bluefish 13     4.0 

Potato    4.2 

Rolls 2.0 

.    .        Butter    1.0 

Milk 5.0 

Apple   pie    . 4.0 

Dinner. 

Steak 4.0 

Potatoes   4.0 

Corn,  canned 3.5 

Celery 4.0 

Bread 2.0 

Butter 1.0 

Baked    apple 5.5 

Cream 4.0 

"The  Chemistry  of  Food  and  Nutrition,  by  H.  C.  Sherman,  p.  211. 

Used  by  permission  of  and  special  arrangement  with  the  Macmillan  Com- 
pany, Publishers. 

"Four  oz.  of  bluefish  yield  100  Calories,  of  which  88  are  derived  from 
protein. 


FOOD  159 

18.  Dietary  for  a  family  of  2  adults  and  4  children.14 
Breakfast. 

Food  Amount 

Rolled  oats  Rolled  oats .     2  cups 

Milk  and  sugar  Milk 1  qt. 

Bread  and  butter  Sugar %  Ib. 

Coffee  Bread 1  Mslbs. 

Cocoa  shells  (for  children)15    Oleomargarine 4  oz. 

Coffee y%  oz. 

Dinner. 

Meat  balls  Meat  (round  of  beef)  .1  Ib. 

Rice  with  brown  gravy  Rice .  1  Ms  Ibs. 

Boiled  onions  Onions 1  Ib. 

Bread  and  butter  Flour 3  cupa 

Sliced  bananas  with  lemon  Lemon    1 

juice  Bananas 6 

Tea 1  oz. 

Supper. 

Baking  powder  biscuits 
Sugar  syrup 
Tea  with  lemon 

19.  The  following  dietary  for  a  family  of  five,  consisting  of 
father,  mother,  and  three  children  between  five  and  fourteen  years 
of  age,  was  proposed  as  a  minimum  for  the  maintenance  of  health. 
Compute  the  fuel  value,  the  per  cent,  of  fuel  derived  from  protein, 
and  the  cost  per  100-Calorie  portion,  and  discuss  in  relation  to 
dietary  standards  and  local  prices : 16 


1  pound    of    cereal,    cornmeal,    oatmeal    

1  pound  of  sugar 08 

2%  pounds  of  bread,  3  loaves,  day  old 09 

%  pound  of  molasses    02 

J/2  pound  of  oleomargarine   11 

2  quarts  of  milk .12 

Total $.45 

14  Taken    from    Lessons    in    the   Proper    Feeding    of    the    Family,    by 
Winifred  S.  Gibbs,  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor, 
New  York. 

15  The  nutritive  value  of  cocoa  shells  may  be  considered  negligible. 
"This   dietary   and   the   substitutions   were   suggested   by   Dr.   Haven 

Emerson,  Commissioner  of  Health,  New  York,  in  a  speech  to  a  group  of 
cloak-makers' out  of  work  on  account  of  a  strike.  His  estimate  of  the  total 
cost  was  45  cents;  of  the  total  Calories,  10,000.  (From  report  in  New  York 
Times,  July,  1916.) 


160  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

SO.  Make  the  following  substitutions  in  the  preceding  dietary 
and  discuss  the  alteration  in  cost,  in  fuel  value,  the  per  cent. 
of  the  fuel  derived  from  protein,  and  the  cost  per  100-Calorie 
portion. 

"  If  20  cents  more  a  day  can  be  spared,  it  should  be  spent  for 
10  cents'  worth  of  potatoes  and  10  cents'  worth  of  apples.  One- 
half  pound  of  pork  fat,  costing  10  cents,  may  be  substituted  for  the 
oleomargarine." 

ECONOMY  IN  PLANNING  MEALS 

The  cost  of  a  dietary  can  frequently  be  lessened  without  altering 
its  total  fuel  value  by  substituting  in  place  of  the  more  expensive 
foods  in  the  dietary,  the  amount  of  a  cheaper  food  that  will  yield 
an  equivalent  fuel  value. 

EXEKCISE  XX 

Problem.  —  How  many  pounds  of  dried  beans  will  have  the  same  fuel 
value  as  one  pound  of  mutton  chops?  If  dried  beans  cost  $.14  per  pound 
and  mutton  chops  $.35  per  pound,  find  the  actual  saving  in  buying  the 
cheaper  food. 

Dried  beans  and  mutton  chops  have  fuel  values  of  1520  and  1415  Calo- 
ries peT  pound  respectively. 

Let  x  —  the  required  number  of  pounds  of  dried  beans. 


and  x  =  .93. 

That  is,  .93  pounds  of  dried  beans  will  have  the  same  fuel  value  as 
1  pound  of  mutton  chops. 

.93  X  $.14  =  $.1302  or  $.13,  the  cost  of  the  dried  beans. 
$.35  —  $.13  =  $,22,  the  saving  in  buying  beans. 

Hence,  $.13  worth  of  dried  beans  have  fuel  value  equivalent  to  $.35 
worth  of  mutton  chops. 

1.  How  many  pounds  of  American  pale  cheese  will  have  the 
same  fuel  value  as  2  Ibs.  of  sirloin  steak?     Find  the  difference 
in  cost. 

2.  If  peanuts  are  substituted  for  2  Ibs.  of  round  steak,  how 
many  pounds  must  be  bought  to  produce  the  same  number  of 
Calories?    Find  the  actual  saving  in  using  peanuts. 

3.  How1  many  pounds  of  halibut  steak  will  it  take  to  yield  the 
same  number  of  Calories  as  11  Ibs.  of  round  steak  ?     Find  the  actual 
difference  in  cost  if  halibut  is  substituted  for  11  Ibs.  ,of  round  steak. 

4.  If  halibut  is  substituted  for  11  Ibs.  of  sirloin  steak,  how  much 
must  be  bought  ?    What  is  the  difference  in  cost  ? 


FOOD  161 

5.  If  porterhouse  steak  is  bought  in  place  of  3  Ibs.  of  round 
steak,  how  many  pounds  must  be  bought  in  order  to  obtain  the  same 
number  of  Calories  ?    Find  the  actual  difference  in  cost. 

6.  How  many  pounds  of  rib  roast  beef  will  it  take  to  equal 
1  dozen  eggs  in  fuel  value  ?    Compare  the  cost  if  roast  beef  costs  35 
cents  a  pound  and  eggs  cost  40  cents  a  dozen;  55  cents  a  dozen; 
60  cents  a  dozen ;  80  cents  a  dozen. 

7.  At  the  current  local  prices,  which  is  the  more  expensive 
source  of  fuel,  roast  beef  or  eggs  ? 

8.  How  much  sweet  chocolate  will  it  take  to  yield  as  many  Calor- 
ies as  a  10-cent  box  of  soda  crackers  and  %  Ib.  cheese  ?    What  is  the 
difference  in  cost? 

9.  Select  from  the  table  of  100-Calorie  portions  five  foods  in 
which  approximately  the  same  number  of  Calories  is  supplied  by 
protein  and  compare  the  cost  of  these  foods  per  100-Calorie  portion. 

10.  Select  a  food  in  which  approximately  the  same  number  of 
Calories  is  supplied  by  protein  per  100-Calorie  portion  as  in  lamb 
chops  and  substitute  it  in  the  luncheon  menu  8,  page  155,  to  cheapen 
the  cost  of  the  meal. 

11.  Make  a  similar  substitution  for  leg  of  mutton  in  the  dinner 
menu  10  on  page  156. 

12.  In  the  lunch  for  the  family  of  six,  example  4,  page  155, 
substitute  for  butter,  oleomargarine;  and  for  cream  of  salmon  on 
toast,  6  oz.  of  pearl  hominy  baked  with  2  oz.  of  cheese.     (The  fuel 
value  of  hominy  is  1650  Calories  per  pound.)     Does  this  substitu- 
tion reduce  the  cost? 

13.  In  the  dinner  menu  on  page  153  make  the  following  substi- 
tutions for  the  .purpose  of  reducing  the  cost :  Cottonseed  table  oil  in 
place  of  olive  oil ;  oleomargarine  in  place  of  butter ;  fish  in  place  of 
chicken.    Also  reduce  the  number  of  Calories  per  individual  to  1400.. 

14.  Modify  the  dinner  menu,  example  13,  page  157,  so  that  it 
is  a  meatless,  wheatless,  butter  less  meal.     Use  cottonseed  table  oil 
in  place  of  olive  oil. 

15.  Alter  dietary  17,  page  158,  for  a  vegetarian  (i.e.,  a  person 
who  does  not  eat  meat  or  fish) . 

16.  Alter  dietary  18,  page  159,  in  a  similar  way  for  a  vegetarian. 

17.  What  other  substitutions  would  you  suggest  to  lessen  the 
cost  of  any  of  these  menus  or1  dietaries  or  to  lessen  the  amount  of 
meat  or  wheat  used  ? 

11 


162 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


MINERALS  IN  FOOD  MATERIALS 

In  order  to  plan  dietaries  which  will  meet  all  the  needs  of  the 
body  it  is  necessary  to  know  what  minerals  are  required  and  also 
what  foods  furnish  them.  While  there  are  eleven  minerals  which 


FIG.  34. — Quantities  of  food  containing  two  milligrams  of  iron.  (15  milligrams  is 
the  daily  requirement.)  1.  Graham  bread,  2.8  oz.,  3  slices  3"x3K"x  K";  2.  Dates,  2.3 
oz.,  10  dates;  3.  String  beans,  6.4  oz.,  30  to  36  6"  beans;  4.  Navy  beans,  1.0  oz.,  2  tbs.; 
5.  Lettuce,  10.1  oz.,  1  solid  head  4"x5";  6.  Potato,  5.3  oz.,  1  medium;  7.  Spinach,  2.0  oa., 
2  c.;  8.  Egg,  2.3  oz.,  1  very  large;  9.  Rolled  oats,  1.8  oz.,  %  c.;  10.  Prunes,  2.3  oz., 
6  medium  (size  40-50). 

enter  into  the  composition  of  the  body,  it  is  probable  that  if  the 
diet  is  so  selected  as  to  furnish  an  ample  amount  of  some  of 
the  most  important  of  these  or  of  those  in  which  the  diet  is  often 
found  to  be  deficient,  that  the  supply  of  other  minerals  will  be 
sufficient.  A  study  of  the  food  habits  of  people  in  this  country 


m  mmm  m 


FIG.  35. — Quantities  of  food  containing  as  much  calcium  as  1  pint  of  milk.  1  pint 
whole  milk  contains  .58  g.  of  calcium.  The  daily  requirement  is  .67  g.  "The  most  practical 
means  of  insuring  an  abundance  of  calcium  in  the  dietary  is  to  use  milk  freely  as  food." 
Sherman's  Chemistry  of  Food  and  Nutrition,  1917,  p.  268.  1.  Eggs,  30.4  oz.,  14; 
2.  Spinach,  30.4  oz.,  %  peck;  3.  Navy  beans,  12.8  oz.,  2  c.;  4.  Whole  milk,  17.0  oa., 
1  pt.;  5.  Skimmed  milk,  16.7  oz.,  IK  c.;  6.  Cream,  23.7  o*.,  2K  c.;  7.  Olives,  16.7  os., 
IK  pts.;  8.  Rolled  Oats,  29.5  oa.,  3  qts. ;  9.  Raisins,  31.9  oz.,  2  1-lb.  packages. 


FOOD  163 

has  revealed  the  fact  that  many  dietaries  which  are  satisfactory,  as 
far  as  the  fuel  value  and  the  protein  requirement  are  concerned, 
are  deficient  in  phosphorus,  calcium,  or  iron.  Of  these  mineral  sub- 
stances 'calcium  and  phosphorus  are  required  in  relatively  large 
amounts  compared  with  other  minerals,  while  the  requirement  for 
iron  is  relatively  small,  but  it  is  none  the  less  important  (Figs. 
33  and  34). 

An  adequate  allowance  of  each  of  these  three  minerals  per  man 
per  day,  as  determined  by  experiments,  is  as  follows : 1T 

Phosphorus   1.44     grams 

Calcium 67     grams 

Iron    015  grams  or  15  milligrams 

Minerals  are  found  in  all  the  natural  foods,  such  as  milk,  eggs, 
vegetables,  nuts,  meat,  etc.,  but  these  foods  vary  in  importance  as 
sources  of  the  different  minerals,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following 
table : 
ASH  CONSTITUENTS  OF  FOODS  IN  PERCENTAGE  OF  THE  EDIBLE  PORTION  " 


Food 

Phosphorus 

Calcium 

Iron 

Beef,  all  lean    

218 

.007 

.0039 

Bluefish  

211 

.023 

Eggs    

180 

.067 

.0030 

Egg  yolk    

524 

.137 

.0086 

Butter  

018 

.014 

Cheese     

683 

.931 

.0013 

Cream    

067 

.086 

.0002 

Milk    

093 

.120 

.0002 

Milk,  skimmed    

096 

.122 

.... 

Bread,  graham  

218 

.05 

.003 

Bread,  white   

088 

.021 

.0009 

Flour,  white  

092 

.020 

.0010 

Oatmeal    

392 

.069 

.0038 

Rice,  polished    

096 

.009 

.0009 

Wheat,  entire  grain  .  .  . 

423 

.045 

.0050 

Beans,  dried    

471 

.160 

.0070 

Beans,  string  

052 

.046 

.001 

Beets   

039 

.029 

.0006 

Cabbage    

029 

.045 

.0011 

Carrots     

046 

.056 

.0006 

Corn,  sweet,  fresh 

103 

.006 

.0008 

Lettuce    

042 

.043 

.0007 

Onions     

045 

.034 

.0006 

Potatoes    

058 

.014 

.0013 

Spinach  

068 

.067 

.0036 

"Chemistry  of  Food  and  Nutrition.  H.  C.  Sherman.  1917.  Used 
by  permission  of  and  special  arrangement  with  the  Macmillan  Company, 
Publishers. 


164  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

ASH   CONSTITUENTS   OF  FOODS   IN   PERCENTAGE   OF   THE   EDIBLE   PORTION 

(CONTINUED) 

Food                                                       Phosphorus        Calcium  Iron 

Turnips     046  .064  .0005 

Apples  ... : 012  .007  .0003 

Bananas    031  .009  .0006 

Lemons   022  .036  .0006 

Olives .014  .122  .033 

Oranges 021  .045  .0002 

Prunes,  dried 105  .054  .0030 

Dates 056  .065  .003 

Raisins   132-  .064  .002 

Almonds    465  .239  .0039 

Peanuts    399  .071  .0020 

Walnuts 357  .089  .0021 

EXERCISE  XXI 

Problem. — How  many  grams  of  iron  are  furnished  by  %  pound  of 
dried  beans?  %  Ib.  =  8  oz. 

According  to  the  table  on  page  163,  .007  per  cent,  of  the  edible  jportion 
of  dried  beans  is  iron. 

Hence,  .00007  X  8  oz.,  or  .00056  oz.,  of  iron  are  furnished  by  8  oz.  of 
dried  beans;  that  is,  .00056  X  28.35  gm.,  or  .0159  gin.,  of  iron  are  furnished 
by  V2  Ib.  of  beans  [1  oz.  ±=  28.35  g.]. 

1.  Find  the  number  of  grams  of  phosphorus,  of  calcium,  and  of 
iron  which  are  furnished  by  each  of  the  following: 

1  glass  of  milk  y2  Ib.   cheese 

1  head  of  cabbage,  weighing  4  Ibs.  1  Ib.  beef 

1  peck  of  spinach,  weighing  3  Ibs. 
1  egg,  weighing  2  oz. 

2.  Find  the  total  number  of  grams  of  phosphorus,  of  calcium, 
and  of  iron  furnished  by  the  foods  in  the  following  breakfast  menu : 

Food  Quantity  Food  Quantity 

Orange ...     7  oz.  Oatmeal 1  oz. 

Bread    4  oz.  Milk 8  oz. 

Butter  %  oz.  Sugar 14  oz. 

3.  Make  out  a  list  of  five  foods,  specifying  the  amount  of  each, 
which  if  combined  in  a  day's  dietary  with  other  foods  poor  in  iron, 
would  furnish  an  ample  supply  of  iron  for  one  person. 

4.  Make  out  a  list  of  five  foods,  specifying  the  amount  of  each, 
which  if  combined  in  a  day's  dietary  with  other  foods  poor  in  cal- 
cium, would  furnish  an  ample  supply  of  calcium  for  a  family 
of  five. 

5.  Make  out  a  list  of  five  foods,  specifying  the  amount  of  each, 
which  if  combined  with  other  foods  poor  in  phosphorus,  would  fur- 
nish an  ample  supply  of  phosphorus  for  two  adults. 


FOOD 


165 


6.  Compute  the  calcium,  iron,  and  phosphorus  content  of  the 
foods  in  the  dietary  in  example  17,  page  158. 

7.  Compute  the  calcium,  iron,  and  phosphorus  content  of  the 
foods  in  the  dietary  in  example  18,  page  159. 

8.  Criticize  with  respect  to  the  amount  of  iron,  of  calcium,  and 
of  phosphorus  any  of  the  dietaries  you  have  made. 

9.  Criticize  your  own  dietary  for  one  day  with  respect  to  the 
amount  of  iron,  of  calcium,  and  of  phosphorus. 

EXERCISE  XXII 

Problem. — Illustrate  graphically  the  amount  of  iron  furnished  by  one 
dollar's  worth  of  each  of  the  following  foods :  Bread,  carrots,  eggs,  lettuce, 
milk,  oatmeal,  potatoes,  prunes,  spinach. 

Oz.  of  iron  Milligrams  of 

No.  of  oz.  furnished  iron  furnished 

Food                 Price                                        for  $1.00  by  $1.00  by  $1.00 

Bread    $.10  per  16  oz.  loaf  . .    160  .00144  41 

Carrots 05  per  10  oz.  bunch.    200  .00120  34 

Eggs    55  per  doz.  27  oz 49  .00%147  42 

Lettuce 10  per  9  oz.  head  ...     90  .00063  18 

Spinach 15  per  peck,  3  Ib.   .  .    320  .01152  327 

Milk 14  per  qt.  32  oz.   ...    229  .00046  13 

Oatmeal    ...    .13  per  box  of  20  oz..    154  .00585  166 

Potatoes  .    .  1.30  per  30  Ib 369  .00480  136 

Prunes 15  per  Ib 107  .00321  91 


Fio.  36. — Milligrams  of  iron  furnished  by  one  dollar's  worth  of  each  of  the  above  foods. 


166  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

1.  Illustrate  graphically  the  amount  of  calcium  furnished  by 
one  dollar's  worth  of  each  of  the  foods  in  the  preceding  problem. 

2.  Illustrate  graphically  the  amount  of  phosphorus  furnished  by 
one  dollar's  worth  of  each  of  these  foods. 

3.  What  foods  are  comparatively  economical  sources  of  iron? 
Of  calcium?    Of  phosphorus? 

EXERCISE  XXIII 

In  planning  the  following  menus  and  dietaries  care  should  be 
taken  to  see  that  such  foods  are  included  as  will  insure  a  sufficient 
amount  of  calcium,  iron,  and  other  minerals,  as  well  as  of  vitamines. 

1.  At  a  cost  not  to  exceed  15  cents,  plan  a  breakfast  for  yourself 
containing  about  800  Calories. 

2.  At  a  total  cost  not  to  exceed  $1,  plan  a  dinner  for  a  family 
of  5  persons  whose  total  daily  fuel  requirement  is  10,500  Calories. 

3.  At  a  total  cost  of  not  more  than  30  cents,  plan  a  lunch  for 
two  boys  of  16  and  17  years  of  age.    The  meal  should  contain  about 
one-third  of  the  total  fuel  requirement  for  the  day. 

4.  At  a  cost  not  to  exceed  40  cents,  plan  a  day's  dietary  for 
yourself. 

5.  At  a  cost  not  to  exceed  $1.50,  plan  a  day's  dietary  .for  a 
professional  man,  his  wife,  and  two  children  of  10  and  14  years 
respectively. 

6.  At  a  cost  not  to  exceed  42  cents  per  individual,  plan  a  day's 
dietary  for  your  own  family. 

7.  Plan  a  day's  dietary  for  5  girls  on  a  camping  .trip, 

8.  Plan  a  day's  dietary  for  yourself  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed 
10  cents  per  1000  Calories. 

9.  Find  out  the  lowest  sum  for  which  a  suitable  dietary  for 
a  typical  workingman's  family  of  five  could  be  obtained  in  your 
locality. 

CHEMICAL  COMPOSITION  or  FOODSTUFFS 

In  the  scientific  study  of  nutrients,  it  is  necessary  to  base  the 
computation  of  the  fuel  value  of  dietaries  upon  the  percentage  com- 
position of  food  materials. 

EXERCISE  XXIV 

Problems  in  the  use  of  the  table  of  Chemical  Composition  of 
Common  American  Food  Products,,  Table  A,  page  175. 


FOOD  167 

1.  Compare  the  per  cent,  of  protein  yielded  by  the  following 
foodstuffs :  Loin  of  beef,  leg  of  lamb,  eggs,  oatmeal,  dried  beans.. 

2.  Select  from  the  table  five  foods  that  contain  a  large  per  cent, 
of  protein ;  five  that  contain  a  large  per  cent,  of  fat ;  five  that  contain 
a  large  per  cent,  of  carbohydrates. 

3.  Select  five  vegetables  that  contain  a  relatively  large  per  cent, 
of  mineral  ash. 

4.  Represent  graphically  the  relative  per  cent,  of  carbohydrates 
in  the  following  foods:  Sugar  (granulated),  flour,  potatoes,  honey, 
oatmeal. 

5.  Represent  graphically  the  relative  per  cent,  of  water  in  the 
following   foods:    Milk    (whole),    butter,    watermelon,    tomatoes, 
grapes,  strawberries,  wheat  flour  (white). 

6.  Represent  graphically  the  relative  per  cent,  of  refuse  in  the 
following  foods:  Porterhouse  steak,  eggs,  green  beans,  almonds, 
potatoes,  bananas,  celery,  watermelon. 

7.  Using  three  different  colors,  each  color  to  represent  one  of  the 
three  groups  of  nutrients,  protein,  fat,  and  carbohydrates,  illustrate 
graphically  the  per  cent,  of  each  of  these  nutrients  in  the  following 
food  materials : X8    Leg  of  lamb,  halibut  steak,  chicken,  American 
pale  cheese,  bananas,  sweet  potatoes,  peanuts,  sugar,  butter. 

DETERMINATION  OF  THE  FUEL  VALUE  OF  FOODS 

The  fuel  value  of  foods  has  been  determined  by  measuring  the 
amount  of  heat  that  is  produced  when  these  food  materials  are 
burned.  It  may  be  computed  from  the  table  of  their  chemical  com- 
position by  determining  the  weight  of  each  of  the  energy-producing 
nutrients  in  the  food  material.  The  amount  of  heat  that  will  be 
produced  by  any  food  material  depends  upon  the  weight  of  the 
protein,  the  fat,  and  the  carbohydrates  it  contains. 

Protein  yields  4  Calories  per  gram,  or  113  per  ounce. 

Fat  yields  9  Calories  per  gram,  or  255  per  ounce. 

Carbohydrates  yield  4  Calories  per  gram,  or  113  per  ounce. 

"The  colors  used  in  the  charts,  prepared  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  are  as  follows:  Protein,  red;  fats  yellow;  carbohydrates,  light 
blue. 


168 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


EXEECISE  XXV 

One  ounce  equals  (approximately)  28.35  grams. 

Problem. — Find  the  fuel  value  of  American  cheese  per  ounce  and  per 
pound. 

From  Table  A,  page  175,  the  chemical  composition  of  cheese  is:    27.7 

per  cent,  protein,  36.8  per  cent,  fat,  4.1  per  cent,  carbohydrates. 
Then  one  ounce  of  cheese  contains: 

27.7  per  cent,  of  1  ounce,  or  .277  oz.  of  protein. 

36.8  per  cent,  of  1  ounce,  or  .368  oz.  of  fat. 

4.1  per  cent,  of  1  ounce,  or  .041  oz.  of  carbohydrates. 

The  amount  of  heat  that  may  be  produced  by  one  ounce  of  cheese  is: 

.277  X  113,  or  31  Calories,  from  the  protein. 

.368  X  255,  or  94  Calories,  from  the  fat. 

.041  X  113,  or  5  Calories,  from  the  carbohydrates. 
The  total  fuel  value  of  one  ounce  of  cheese  is  129  Calories. 
The  fuel  value  of  one  pound  of  cheese  is  16  X  129,  or  2064  Calories.19 
The  results  may  be  tabulated  as  follows :    .     . 

CALCULATION  OF  FUEL  VALUE  OF  FOOD 

Name 

Date.  . 


Name 
of 
food 

Weight 

Protein 

Fat 

Carbo- 
hydrates 

Total 
Calories 

gm. 

oz. 

oz. 

Cal. 

oz. 

Cal. 

oz. 

Cal. 

per  oz. 

per  Ib. 

Cheese  .  .  . 

28.35 
28.35 

1 
1 

.277 
.08 

31. 
9. 

.368 
.033 

94 

.8 

.041 
.79 

5 
89.1 

129 
99 

2064 
1584 

Rice  

Find  the  number  pf  Calories  produced  by  each  class  of  energy- 
yielding  nutrients  and  the  total  Calories  per  oz.  and  per  Ib.  of  the 
following  foods  and  tabulate  the  results,  using  the  above  form. 

9.  Coffee 

10.  Cornmeal 

11.  Cream  of  wheat 

12.  Crearn 

13.  Eggs 

14.  Flour,  white 


1.  Apples 

2.  Bananas 

3.  Beef,  round 

4.  Bread      . 

5.  Buttep 

6.  Cheese,  American  pale 

7.  Cheese,  full  cream 

8.  Cocoa 


15.  Flour,  entire 

16.  Flour,  graham 


"This  figure  is  slightly  less  than  that  given  in  the  table  on  page  175 
in  the  column  headed  "  Fuel  value  per  pound."  The  discrepancy  between 
the  two  figures  is  due  in  part  to  the  fact  that  the  figures  in  the  government 
bulletin  are  based  on  earlier  and  somewhat  higher  estimates  of  the  fuel 
value  of  foods  than  seem  to  have  been  justified  by  later  experiments. 


FOOD  169 

17.  Lard  (100  per  cent,  fat)  22.  Rice 

18.  Milk,  whole  23.  Sugar,  brown 

19.  Oats,  rolled  24.' Sugar,  granulated 

20.  Olive  oil  (100  per  cent,  fat)  25.  Wheatena 

21.  Peas,  dried 

EXERCISE  XXVI 

Data  in  regard  to  food  are  so  frequently  stated  in  terms  of 
grams  that  the  student  should  become  sufficiently  familiar  with  the 
metric  system  to  understand  the  meaning  of  the  terms,  and  to  con- 
vert the  weights  readily  from  the  metric  to  the  English  system  and 
vice  versa.  Use  of  the  metric  system  simplifies  many  of  the  opera- 
tions involved  in  dietary  computation,  and  should  be  encouraged 
as  far  as  possible. 

1  gram  =  0.0353  oz. 

See  Table  of  Equivalent  Measures,  Table  E,  page  190. 
Find  the  weight  in  ounces  of  the  following  foods : 

1.  1  large  banana  which  weighs  156  grams. 

2.  1  cup  orange  juice  which  weighs  231  grams. 

3.  4  dates  which  weigh  32  grams. 

4.  1  shredded  wheat  biscuit  which  weighs  27  grams. 

5.  24  prunes  which  weigh  235  grams. 

6.  1  cup  of  dried  Lima  beans  which  weighs  156  grams. 

7.  1  square  of  unsweetened  chocolate  which  weighs  28  grams. 

8.  1  tbs.  of  cocoa  which  weighs  8  grams. . 

9.  1  tbs.  of  butter  which  weighs  14  grams. 

10.  1  egg  which  weighs  71  grams. 

11.  1  tbs.  of  wheat  flour  which  weighs  7  grams. 

12.  1  tbs.  of  olive  oil  which  weighs"  11  grams. 

13.  1  tbs.  of  brown  sugar  which  weighs  9  grams. 

EXERCISE  XXVII 

Express  the  approximate  weights  of  the  following  in  ounces  and 
convert  to  grams : 

1.  1    shredded    wheat    biscuit       7.  1  potato 

(weight  1  oz.)  8.  2  eggs 

2.  1  tbs.  butter  9.  i/2  cup  rice 

3.  1  ts.  sugar  10.  2  tbs.  flour 

4.  i/4  cup  butter  .11.  1  slice  bread,  weighing  1.3  oz. 

5.  2*4  oz.  beef  12.  2     graham    crackers,     each 

6.  1  banana  weighing  4  oz. 


170  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

EXERCISE  XXVIII 

Problem. — Find  the  weight  in  grams  of  the  protein,  the  fat,  and  the 
carbohydrates  yielded  by  1  gram  of  milk. 

The  composition  of  cow's  milk  is  as  follows: 

Protein,  3.3  per  cent.;  fat,  4  per  cent.;  carbohydrates,  5  per  cent. 
In  one  gram  of  milk  there  will  be  by  weight: 

Protein,  .033  gram;  fat,  .04  gram;  carbohydrate,  .05  gram. 

Find  the  weight  in  grams  of  the  protein,  the  fat,  and  the  carbo- 
hydrate in  one  gram  of  each  of  the  following :  ( See  Table  of  Average 
Composition  of  American  Food  Products,  page  175.) 

1.  White  bread  5.  Eggs 

2.  Mutton  chops  6.  Oatmeal 

3.  Halibut  steak  7.  Cream 

4.  Cheese 

EXERCISE  XXIX 

Find  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  each  class  of  energy- 
yielding  nutrients  and  the  total  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  1 
gram  each  of  the  foods  in  Exercise  XXV,  page  168,  and  tabulate  the 
results. 

The  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  1  gram  of  each  of  the  three 
classes  of  energy-yielding  nutrients  is  given  on  page  167. 

FUEL  VALUE  OF  EECIPES,  MENUS,  AND  DIETARIES 
Computed  from  the  Table  of  Chemical  Composition  of 

Food  Materials 

The  fuel  value  of  combinations  of  food  materials  in  recipes, 
menus,  and  dietaries  can  be  computed  from  the  Table  of  the  Chemi- 
cal Composition  of  Food  Materials.  This  method  makes  it  possible 
to  compute  the  fuel  value  of  foods  if  the  chemical  composition  is 
known.  The  amount  of  protein  in  the  diet  may  be  stated  either  in 
terms  of  weight  or  in  terms  of  Calories. 

The  labor  involved  in  the  computations  can  be  somewhat  les- 
sened and  the  results  can  be  made  more  useful  if  the  data  are  tabu- 
lated and  kept  for  reference. 

EXERCISE  XXX 

Problem. — The  following  recipe  for  plain  muffins  makes  12  muffins  to 
serve  6  persons: 

1  cup  flour  1  tbs.  sugar 

1  egg  1  tbs.  butter 

1%  cups  milk  (skimmed) 


FOOD 


171 


(  1  )    Find  the  fuel  value  and  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  protein. 

(2)  What  part  of  the  recipe  forms  a  100-Calorie  portion,  and  how  many 
Calories  in  this  portion  are  yielded  by  protein? 

(  3  )  Find  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  protein  and  the  total  number 
of  Calories  in  one  muffin. 

(4)  Find  the  cost  of  the  recipe,  the  cost  per  1000  Calories,  and  the 
cost  of  one  muffin. 

The  whole  recipe  yields  1130  Calories. 

Let  x  represent  the  part  of  the  recipe  that  forms  a  100-Calorie  portion. 
1130  _    J_ 
100    ^    x 

That  is,  x=  .09  approximately,  or  yn  of  the  whole  recipe,  forms  a 
100-Calorie  portion. 

The  total  number  of  Calories  derived  from  protein  is  170. 
Then  .09  X  170=15.30  or  15  Calories  in  a  100-Calorie  portion  are  derived 
from  protein. 

One  muffin,  or  &  of  the  recipe,  yields  Xa  of  1130  Calories,  or  94 
Calories.  The  number  of  Calories  produced  by  protein  in  one  muffin  is  #a 
of  170,  or  14  +  ;  i.e.,  14  Calories. 


CALCULATION  OF  FUEL  VALUE  OF  RECIPE 

Name  .................... 

Date  ..................... 

Recipe  for  plain  muffins  Number  of  muffins  ......  12 


Calor- 

Total 
Calor- 

Calor- 

Calor- 
ies 

Cost  per  qt., 
lb.,  etc. 

Cost  per 
given  wt. 

Ingredients 

Quan- 
tity 

Weight 
in  oz. 

ies 
yield- 
ed by 

ies 

yield- 
ed by 

ies 
yielded 
by  pro- 

yielded 
by  pro- 
tein  in 

1  oz. 

given 

1  „_ 

given 

weight 

weight 

$1.48  per  24^  lb. 

.0302 

Flour 

2c. 

8. 

100 

800 

13 

104 

.55  per  doz  .  .  . 

.0458 

Egg 

1 

1.7 

38 

65 

15 

26 

.05  per  qt.  .  .  . 

.0156 

Milk, 

Itfc. 

10. 

10 

100 

4 

40 

skimmed 

09  1/2  perlb. 

.0297 

Sugar 

Itbs. 

.5 

113 

56 

.48  per  lb  

.0150 

Butter 

Itbs. 

.5 

218 

109 

1 

30  per  lb 

.0047 

Baking 

2ts. 

powder 

Salt 

^ts 

Total  cost  .... 

.1413 

Total 

1130 

170 

Calories  yielded  by  1  muffin  ....  94 
Calories    derived    irom    protein 
in  1  muffin   .................    14 


Calories    derived    from    protein 
in  100-Calorie  portion  .......    15 

Cost  per  muffin  ............   $.01  18 

Cost  per  1000  Calories  ......  127 


172  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Using  forms  similar  to  those  on  page  171,  compute  for  each  of 
the  following : 20 

(a)  The  fuel  value  and  the  number  of  Calories  yielded  by 
protein. 

(6)  The  number  of  Calories  yielded  by  protein  and  the  total 
number  of  Calories  in  one  serving. 

(c)  The  total  cost  of  the  recipe,  the  cost  per  1000  Calories  and 
the'  cost  of  one  serving. 

1.  Stewed  prunes. 

2  c.  dried  prunes  (protein  2.1         .    %  c.  sugar 
per  cent.,  carbohydrates  73.3         1  ts.  lemon  juice 
per  cent. ) 
12  servings. 

2.  Baked  apples. 

6  apples  6  tbs.  water 

6  ts.  sugar 
6  servings. 

3.  White  sauce  for  creamed  vegetables. 

2  tbs.  flour  1  c.  milk 

2  tbs.  butter  Salt  and  pepper 

6  servings. 

4.  Home-made  ice  cream. 

2  c.  milk    (whole)  2  tbs.  flour 

2  c.  cream  2  eggs 

1  c.  sugar  1  tbs.  vanilla 

Ice  Cream  increases  in  quantity  one- third  to  one-half  in  freezing. 
10  servings. 

5.  Cheese  fondu. 

1  c.  bread  crumbs  (3  oz. )  1  egg 

1  c.  milk  1  tbs.  butter 

%  c.  grated  cheese  (3  oz. )  Salt  and  cayenne  pepper 
6  servings. 

20  Unless  otherwise  specified,  skimmod-milk  is  used  in  all  recipes. 


173 


G.  French  dressing. 


14  ts.  salt 

ts.  pepper 


3  servings. 
7.  Meat  croquettes. 


3  tbs.  olive  oil 
1  tbs.  vinegar 


2  c.  chopped  meat  Few  drops  onion  juice 

y2  ts.  salt  and  3pk.  pepper  1   egg  yolk 

%  c.  of  white  sauce 
8  croquettes 


8.  Baking  powder  biscuits 

2  c.  flour 

4  ts.  baking  powder 

%  c.  milk 
16  small  biscuits 

9.  Bread  pudding. 

1  c.  bread  crumbs   (3  oz.) 
1V2  c.  milk 

1  tbs.  butter 
G  servings. 

10.  Rolls. 

2  c.  milk 

3  tbs.  butter 
,   2  tbs.  sugar 

24  rolls 

11.  Creamed  peanuts  and  .rice. 

1  c.  rice 
1  c.  peanuts 

12  servings. 

12.  Sugar  cookies. 

4  oz.  fat 

1   c,  sugar 
'   1  egg 

40  cookies 


3  c.    white    sauce 


V2  ts.  salt 

iy2  tbs.  shortening  (lard) 


1  egg 

1  tbs.  sugar. 


1  ts.  salt 
1  yeast  cake 
3  c.  flour 


V-2  ts.  paprika 
2-ts.  salt 


V2  c.  milk 
2  ts.  baking  powder 
2  c.  flour 
1  ts.  flavoring  or  spice 


13.  School  lunch  for  a  girl  14  years  old. 


2  chopped-egg  sandwiches 
4  slices  bread 
1  pat  butter 


1  orange 

2  sugar  cookies 


174  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

14.  Lunch  for  3  women. 

!%  can  peas 
6  ts.  sugar 
3  c.  milk 
3  tbs.  butter 
3  tbs.  flour 
Crackers   6  crackers 

Macaroni  and  cheese .... 
Graham  bread  and  butter.  \  g 


. 


Tea  and  cookies J  2  ts.  tea 

^  3  cookies 

15.  Supper  for  a  family  of  5,  a  clerk,  his  wife,  and  3  children 

under  12  years. 

/• 

cheese 
i  .. 

Cheese  souffle   .... 


{4  tbs.  cheesi 
3  eggs 
iy2  cups  mi 
iy2  tbs.  floii 

6  pot 

J  6  oz. 
•  1  3  oz. 


milk 
flour 

Riced  potatoes 6  potatoes 

Bread  and  butter 

Doughnuts    5  doughnuts 

5  apples 

10  tbs.  sugar 


Baked  apples. j  fc  apples 


16.  Dinner  for  a  family  of  6,  a  teamster,  his  wife,  and  4  children 
under  16  years. 

f  3  Ib.  mutton 

Leg  of  mutton  and  gravy     I  2  tbs.  flour 
Mashed  potatoes )  2  Ib.  potatoes 

I  Vi  c.  milk 


Bread  and  butter /  J. tbs'  ,of  J 

|  y2  loaf  of 

Apple  pie  1  y2  pies 

17.  Your  own  breakfast. 


butter 
bread 


FOOD 


175 


TABLE  A 

AVERAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  COMMON  AMERICAN  FOOD  PRODUCTS** 


Food  materials  (as  purchased). 

Refuse 

Water 

Pro- 
tein 

Fat 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates 

Ash 

Fuel 
value 
per 
pound 

ANIMAL    FOOD 

Beef,  fresh: 
Chuckribs                                 

Perct. 
16  3 

Perct. 
52.6 

Perct. 
15  5 

Perct. 
15  0 

Per  ct. 

Perct. 
0  8 

Calo- 
ries. 
910 

Flank 

10  2 

54  0 

17  0 

19  0 

7 

1  105 

Loin.                                      

13  3 

52.5 

16.1 

17.5 

9 

1  025 

Porterhouse  steak 

12  7 

52  4 

19   1 

17  9 

8 

1  100 

Sirloin  steak  
Neck 

12.8 
27  6 

54.0 
45  9 

16.5 
14  5 

16.1 
11  9 

.9 

7 

975 
1  165 

Ribs  

20  8 

43.8 

13.9 

21.2 

7 

1  135 

Rib  rolls                                    .    . 

63  9 

19  3 

16  7 

9 

1  055 

Round  

7.2 

60  7 

19.0 

12.8 

1  0 

890 

Rump  .  . 

20  7 

45  0 

13  8 

20  2 

7 

1  090 

Shank,  fore  
Shoulder  and  clod 

36.9 
16  4 

42.9 
56  8 

12.8 
16  4 

7.3 
9  8 

.6 
9 

545 
715 

Fore  quarter  
Hind  quarter  . 

18.7 
15  7 

49.1 
50  4 

14.5 
15  4 

17.5 
18  3 

.7 

7 

995 
1  045 

Beef,  corned.canned.pickled,  and  dried: 
Corned  beef  
Tongue  pickled  
Dried,  salted,  and  smoked    . 

8.4 
6.0 

4  7 

49.2 
58.9 
53  7 

14.3 
11.9 
26  4 

23.8 
19.2 
6  9 



4.6 
4.3 
8  9 

1,245 
1,010 
790 

Canned  boiled  beef 

51  8 

25  5 

22  5 

1  3 

1  410 

Canned  corned  beef 

51.8 

26  3 

18  7 

4  o 

1  270 

Veal: 
Breast  

21  3 

52.0 

15.4 

11.0 

g 

745 

Leg  

14  2 

60   1 

15  5 

7  9 

9 

625 

Leg  cutlets  

3.4 

68.3 

20   1 

7  5 

1  0 

695 

Fore  quarter  . 

24  5 

54  2 

15   1 

6  0 

7 

535 

Hind  quarter  

20  7 

56.2 

16.2 

6.6 

g 

580 

Mutton: 
Flank.  . 

9  9 

39  0 

13  8 

36  9 

g 

1  770 

Leg,  hind  

18  4 

51  2 

15   1 

14  7 

8 

890 

Loin  chops 

16  0 

42  0 

13  5 

28  3 

7 

1  415 

Fore  quarter  

21  2 

41   6 

12  3 

24  5 

7 

1  235 

Hind  quarter,  without  tallow.  .  .  . 
Lamb: 
Breast  

17.2 
19  1 

45.4 
45  5 

13.8 
15  4 

23.2 
19  1 

.7 
8 

1,210 
1  075 

Leg,  hind 

17  4 

52  9 

15  9 

13  6 

9 

Sfifl 

Pork,  fresh: 
Ham.  .      . 

10  7 

48  0 

13  5 

25  9 

8 

i   Qon 

Loin  chops.  . 

19  7 

41  8 

13  4 

24  2 

8 

1  245 

Shoulder.  .  . 

12  4 

44  9 

12  0 

29  8 

7 

1    4.Kf) 

Tenderloin 

66  5 

18  9 

13  0 

If* 

oqr 

Pork,  salted,  cured,  and  pickled: 
Ham,  smoked  
Shoulder,  smoked.  .  .  . 

13.6 
18  2 

34.8 
36  8 

'14.2 
13  0 

33.4 
26  6 

4.2 
5  5 

1,635 
1  335 

Salt  pork 

7  9 

1   9 

86  2 

3  9 

Bacon,  smoked  

7  7 

17  4 

9  1 

62  2 

4   i 

2  715 

Sausage: 
Bologna 

3  3 

55  2 

18  2 

19  7 

30 

Pork  

39  8 

13  0 

44  2 

i  i 

2  2 

2  O7^ 

Frankfort.  .  . 

57  2 

19  6 

18  6 

j  i 

3  4 

1     I  Cf= 

Soups: 
Celery,  cream  of 

88  6 

2   1 

2  8 

5  0 

1C 

oqe 

Beef 

92  9 

4  4 

4 

1   1 

10 

Meat  stew  

84  5 

4  6 

4  3 

5  5 

j    1 

OfiC 

Tomato 

90  0 

1  8 

I   i 

5  6 

1    "» 

21  Principles  oj  Nutrition  and   Nutritive   Value  of  Food.     U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture.    Farmer's  Bulletin  No.  142. 


176 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


TABLE  A     . 

AVERAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  COMMON  AMERICAN  FOOD  PRODUCTS — Continued 


Food  materials  (as  purchased). 

Refuse 

Water 

Pro- 
tein 

Fat 

Carbo 
hy- 
drate 

Ash 

Fuel 
value 
per 
pound 

ANIMAL  FOOD  —  continued. 

Poultry: 
Chicken,  broilers 

Per  ct 
41  6 

Perct 
43  7 

Perct 
12  8 

Perct 
1   4 

Perct 

Perct 

7 

Calo- 
ries 

Qnc 

Fowls  
Goose.  .    .  . 

25.9 
17  6 

47.1 
38  5 

13.7 
13  4 

12.3 
29  8 

.7 

7 

765 
1  475 

Turkey  
Fish: 
.Cod,  dressed  
Halibut,  steaks  or  sections.  ..... 
Mackerel,  whole                          .  . 

22.7 

29.9 
17.7 

44  7 

42.4 

58.5 
61.9 
40.4 

16.1 

11.1 
15.3 
10  2 

18.4 

.2 
4.4 
4  2 

.8 

.8 
.9 

7 

1,060 

220 

475 
370 

Perch,  yellow,  dressed  
Shad,  whole.  . 

35.1 
50   1 

50.7 
35.2 

12.8 
9  4 

.7 

4  8 

.9 

7 

275 
380 

Shad,  roe  
Fish,  preserved  : 
Cod,  salt  
Herring,  smoked 

24.9 
44  4 

71.2 

40.2 
19.2 

20.9 

16.0 
20  5 

3.8 

.4 

8  8 

2.6 

1  .5 

18.5 

7  4 

600 

325 
755 

Fish,  canned: 
Salmon  

63.5 

21   8 

12   1 

2  6 

915 

Sardines 

a5  0 

53  6 

23  7 

12   1 

5  3 

950 

Shellfish: 
Oysters,  "solids"... 
Clams  

QQ       Q 
OO  .  0 

80  8 

6.0 
10  6 

1.3 
1    1 

3.3 
5  2 

1.1 
2  3 

225 
340 

Crabs..    .. 

52  4 

36   7 

7  9 

9 

Q 

1  5 

200 

Lobsters  

61  7 

30.7 

5  9 

7 

2 

8 

145 

Eggs:  Hen's  eggs 

bll  2 

65  5 

13   1 

9  3 

0  9 

635 

Dairy  products,  etc.  • 
Butter  

11  .0 

1  0 

85  0 

3  0 

3,410 

.  Whole  milk.  ... 

87  0 

3  3 

4  0 

5  0 

7 

310 

Skim  milk  
Buttermilk.  .  . 

90.5 
91  0 

3.4 
3  0 

.3 
5 

5.1 

4  8 

.7 
7 

165 
160 

Condensed  milk  
Cream  

26.9 
74  0 

8.8 
2  5 

8.3 
18  5 

54.1 
4  5 

1.9 
5 

1,430 
865 

Cheese,  Cheddar     

27.4 

27.7 

36.8 

4   1 

4.0 

2,075 

Cheese,  full  cream 

34  .2 

25  9 

33  7 

2  4 

3  8 

1,885 

VEGETABLE    FOOD 

Flour,  meal,  etc.: 
Entire-wheat  flour 

11  .4 

13  8 

1  9 

71   9 

1   0 

1,650 

Graham  flour  

11.3 

13.3 

2.2 

71.4 

1.8 

1,645 

Wheat  flour,  patent  roller  process 
High-grade  and  medium  
Low  grade  
Macaroni,  vermicelli,  etc  
Wheat  breakfast  food 

12.0 
12.0 
10.3 
9.6 

11.4 
14.0 
13.4 
12   1 

1.0 
1.9 
.9 
1   8 

75.1 
71.2 
74.1 
75  2 

.5 
.9 
1.3 
1   3 

1,635 
1,640 
1,645 
1,680 

Buckwheat  flour  

13.6 

6.4 

1.2 

77.9 

.9 

1,605 

Rye  flour  

12.9 

6  8 

9 

78  7 

.7 

1,620 

Corn  meal 

12  5 

9  2 

1   9 

75  4 

1  0 

1,635 

Oat  breakfast  food  .  . 

7.7 

16   7 

7.3 

66  2 

2.1 

1,800 

Rice  

12  3 

8  0 

3 

79  0 

4 

1,620 

Tapioca 

11  4 

4 

1 

88  0 

1 

1,650 

Starch  

90  0 

1,675 

Bread,  pastry,  etc.: 
White  bread  

35  3 

9  2 

1   3 

53   1 

1    1 

1,200 

Brown  bread  

43.6 

5.4 

1.8 

47.1 

2.1 

1,040 

Graham  bread  

35.7 

89 

1  8 

52   1 

5 

1,195 

Whole-  wheat  bread  
Rye  bread  

38.4 
35.7 

9.7 
9  0 

.9 
.6 

49.7 
53  2 

.3 
.5 

1,130 
1,170 

Cake  

19  9 

6  3 

9  0 

63  3 

5 

1,630 

Cream  crackers 

6  8 

9  7 

12   1 

69  7 

7 

1,925 

Oyster  crackers  
Soda  crackers 

4.8 
5  9 

11.3 
9  8 

10.5 
9   1 

70.5 
73  1 

2.9 

2   1 

1,910 

1,875 

Refuse,  oil. 


b  Refuse,  shell. 


FOOD 


177 


TABLE  A ' 
AVERAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  COMMON  AMERICAN  FOOD  PRODUCTS — Continued 


Food  materials  (as  purchased) 

Refuse 

Water 

Pro- 
tein 

Fat 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates 

Ash 

Fuel 
value 
per 
pound 

VEGETABLE   FOOD  —  continued 

Sugars,  etc.: 
Molasses 

Per  ct. 

Perct. 

Perct 

Perct. 

Per  ct. 
70  0 

Per  ct. 

Calo- 
ries. 
1  225 

96  0 

1    RQf) 

Honey 

81  0 

1  420 

100  0 

1  7^0 

Maple  syrup 

71  4 

1  250 

Vegetables:  b 
Beans,  dried 

12  6 

22  5 

1  8 

59  6 

3  5 

1  520 

Beans,  Lima,  shelled  

70 

68.5 
83  0 

7.1 
2  1 

.7 
3 

22.0 
6  9 

1.7 
7 

540 
170 

Beets    

20  0 

70.0 

1.3 

.1 

7  7 

9 

160 

Cabbage.  . 

15.0 

77.7 

1.4 

.2 

4.8 

.9 

115 

Celery.  .       .    . 

20.0 

75.6 

9 

2  6 

8 

65 

Corn,  green  (sweet),  edible  portion 
Cucumbers  
Lettuce 

is  '.6 

15  0 

75.4 
81.1 
80  5 

3.1 
.7 
1  0 

1.1. 
.2 
2 

19.7 
2.6 
2  5 

.7 
.4 
g 

440 
65 
65 

Mushrooms          .  .       .    .•    

88.1 

3  5 

4 

6  8 

1  2 

185 

Onions  

10.0 

78.9 

1.4 

.3 

8.9 

.5 

190 

Parsnips  

20.0 

66.4 
9  5 

1.3 

24  6 

.4 
1  0 

10.8 
62  0 

1.1 
2  9 

230 
1  565 

Peas  (Pis-urn  sativum),  shelled    .  .  . 
Cowpeas,  dried 



74.6 
13  0 

7.0 
21   4 

.5 
1   4 

16.9 
60  8 

1.0 
3  4 

440 
1  505 

Potatoes  
Rhubarb  .. 

20.0 
40.0 

62.6 
56.6 

1.8 
.4 

.1 

.4 

14.7 
2.2 

.8 
.4 

295 
60 

Sweet  potatoes  

20  0 

55  2 

1  4 

6 

21  9 

9 

440 

Spinach 

92  3 

2  1 

a 

3  2 

2  1 

95 

Squash  
Tomatoes. 

50.0 

44.2 
94  3 

.7 
9 

.2 
4 

4.5 
3  9 

.4 
5 

100 
100 

Turnips  

30.0 

62.7 

.9 

.1 

5  7 

6 

120 

Vegetables,  canned: 
Baked  beans  

68.9 

6.9 

2  5 

19  6 

2   1 

555 

Peas  (Pisum  sativum),  green  

85.3 

3.6 

.2 

9.8 

1.1 

235 

Corn,  green  
Succotash  .  . 

76.1 
75  9 

2.8 
3  6 

1.2 
1  0 

19.0 
18  6 

.9 
9 

430 
425 

Tomatoes 

94  0 

1  2 

2 

4  0 

6 

95 

Fruits,  berries,  etc.,  fresh:8 
Apples  

25.0 

63.3 

0.3 

0.3 

10.8 

0  3 

190 

Bananas  

35  0 

48  9 

8 

4 

14  3 

6 

260 

Grapes 

25  0 

58  0 

1  0 

1  2 

14  4 

4 

295 

Lemons  
M  uskmelons 

30.0 
50  0 

62.5 
44  8 

.7 
3 

.5 

5.9 
4  6 

.4 
3 

125 
80 

Oranges  .'    ... 

27  0 

63  4 

.6 

1 

8  5 

4 

150 

Pears  . 

10  0 

76  0 

5 

4 

12  7 

4 

230 

Persimmons,  edible  portion  

66   1 

.8 

7 

31  5 

9 

550 

Raspberries 

85  8 

1  0 

12  6 

6 

220 

Strawberries  
Watermelons    . 

5.0 
59  4 

85.9 
37  5 

.9 
2 

.6 
1 

7.0 
2  7 

.6 
1 

150 
50 

•  Plain  confectionery  not  containing  nuts,  fruits,  or  chocolate. 

bSuch  vegetables  as  potatoes,  squash,  beets,  etc.,  have  a  certain  amount  of  inedible 
material,  skin,  seeds,  etc.  The  amount  varies  with  the  method  of  preparing  the  vegetables, 
and  can  not  be  accurately  estimated.  The  figures  given  for  refuse  of  vegetables,  fruits,  etc., 
are  assumed  to  represent  approximately  the  amount  of  refuse  in  these  foods  as  ordinarily 
prepared. 

•Fruits  contain  a  certain  proportion  of  inedible  materials,  as  skins,  seeds,  etc.,  which 
are  properly  classed  as  refuse.  In  some  fruits,  as  oranges  and  prunes,  the  amount  rejected 
in  eating  is  practically  the  same  as  refuse.  In  others,  as  apples  and  pears,  more  or  less  of 
the  edible,  material  is  ordinarily  rejected  with  the  skin  and  seeds  and  other  inedible  portions. 
The  edible  material  which  is  thus  thrown  away,  and  should  properly  be  classed  with  the 
waste,  is  here  classed  with  the  refuse.  The  figures  for  refuse  here  given  represent,  as  Dearly 
as  can  be  ascertained,  the  quantities  ordinarily  rejected. 

12 


178 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


TABLE  A 
AVERAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  COMMON  AMERICAN  FOOD  PRODUCTS — Continued 


Food  materials  (as  purchased) 

Refuse 

Water 

Pro- 
tein 

Fat 

Carbo- 
hy- 
drates 

Ash 

Fuel 
value 
per 
pound 

VEGETABLE  FOOD  —  Continued. 

Fruits,  dried: 
Apples 

Per  ct. 

Per  ct. 
28.1 
29.4 
13.8 
18.8 
13.1 

2  7 

Per  ct. 
1.6 
4.7 
1.9 
4.3 
2.3 

11.5 
8.6 
3.8 
5.2 
8.1 
2.9 
6.3 
7.5 
5.8 
5.2 
19.5 
8.7 
7.2 
6.9 

12.9 
21.6 

.2 

Per  ct. 
2.2 
1.0 
2.5 
.3 
3.0 

30.2 
33.7 
8.3 
4.5 
5.3 
25.9 
57.4 
31.3 
25.5 
33.3 
29.1 
36.8 
14.6 
26.6 

48.7 
28.9 

Perct. 
66.1 
62.5 
70.6 
74.2 
68.5 

9.5 
3.5 
.5 
35.4 
56.4 
14.3 
.31.5 
6.2 
4.3 
6.2 
18.5 
10.2 
3.0 
6.8 

30.3 
37.7 

1.4 

Perct. 
2.0 
2.4 
1.2 
2.4 
3.1 

11 
2.0 
.4 
1.1 
1.7 
.9 
1  .3 
1  .1 
.8 
.7 
1  .5 
1.7 
.5 
.6 

2.2 
7.2 

.2 

Calo- 
ries. 
1,185 
1,125 
1,275 
1,280 
1,265 

1,515 
1,485 
385 
915 
1,385 
1,295 
2,865 
1,430 
1,145 
1,465 
1,775 
1,730 
730 
1,250 

2,625 
2,160 

30 

Apricots  

Dates 

10.0 

Figs  

Raisins 

10.0 
45  0 

Nuts: 
Almonds.  .       . 

Brazil  nuts  

49.6 
86.4 
16.0 
24.0 

•48.8 

"52  '.i' 

62.2 
53.2 
24.5 
40.6 
74.1 
58.1 

2.6 
.6 
37.8 
4.5 
7.2 
3.5 
1.8 
1.4 
1.4 
6.9 
2.0 
.6 
1  .0 

5.9 
4.6 

98.2 

Butternuts  ...             .                 .    . 

Chestnuts,  fresh  

Chestnuts,  dried  
Cocoanuts 

Cocoanut,  prepared  
Filberts 

Hickory  nuts  
Pecans,  polished 

Peanuts  

Pifion  (Pinus  edulis) 

Walnuts,  black  

Walnuts,  English  
Miscellaneous: 
Chocolate  
Cocoa,  powdered  

Cereal     coffee,     infusion    (1    part 
boiled  in  20  parts  water)  &.  .  . 

•  Milk  and  shell. 

bThe  average  of  five  analyses  of  cereal  coffee  grain  is:  Water  6  .2,  protein  13  .3,  fat  3.4, 
carbohydrates  72.6,  and  ash  4.5  per  cent.  Only  a  portion  of  the  nutrients,  however,  enter 
into  the  infusion.  The  average  in  the  table  represents  the  available  nutrients  in  the  bever- 
age. Infusions  of  genuine  coffee  and  of  tea  like  the  above  contain  practically  no  nutrients. 


FOOD 


TABLE  B21 
100-CALORiE  PORTIONS  OF  COMMON  FOODS 

Unless  otherwise  specified,  the  figures  given  refer  to  fopds  as  pur- 
chased, including  refuse,  such  as  bones,  shells,  and  similar  inedible 
materials. 

The  small  numerals  in  the  first  column  refer  to  the  notes. 


Food  stuff 

Quantity 

Weight 
ounces 

Protein 
Calories 

Total 
Calories 

Almonds 

12  to  15  nuts 

1.0 

13 

100 

Apples,  fresh.  .             

1  large 

7.5 

3 

100 

Apples,  baked23  

%  large  and  1 

Asparagus,  fresh24  
Bacon  smoked 

tbs.  sugar 
20  large  stalks 
8  in.  long 
1  pUce 

2.3 

15.9 
.6 

1 

32 

7 

100 

100 
100 

Bacon,  fried,23  small  slices  .  . 
Bananas 

4-o  small  slices 
1  large 

.5 
5.5 

13 

5 

100 
100 

Beans  baked,  canned. 

Ys  c. 

2.7 

21 

100 

Beans  dried 

2  tbs. 

1.0 

26 

100 

Beans,  Lima,  dried  
Beans,  Lima,  fresh,  shelled  . 
Bean,  soup,  cream  of24  .... 
Beans  string        

%    c. 
Kc. 

#c: 

2X  c.  of  1  in. 

1.0 
2.9 
2.6 

21 
23 
15 

100 
100 
100 

Beef  corned  .              

pieces 
%  slice 

9.1 
1.3 

22 
21 

100 
100 

Beef,  dried  

4  thin  slices 

Beef  juice  

4  in.  X  5  in. 

l%c. 

2.0 
14.1 

67 
78 

100 
100 

Beef  loin 

1.6 

29 

100 

Beef,  sirloin  steak,  medium 
fat,  broiled24  

slice  1%  in.  X 
1%  in.X^in. 

1.3 

31 

100 

Beef  roast 

1.0 

27 

100 

Beef,  rib,  lean,  roast24.  .  .  . 
Beef  round 

slice  5  in.  X2K 
in.  XX  in. 

1.6 
1.7 

46 
40 

100 
100 

Beef,     round    steak,    pan 
broiled24           

slice  4  in.X3  in. 
X  \%  in. 

2.0 

48 

100 

Beef,  suet  
Beets 

2  tbs. 
4  beets  2  in.  diam 

.5 

2 

100 

Bouillon 

or  IK  c.  sliced 
4  c 

9.6 
33.6 

14 
84 

100 
100 

Bread,  Boston  brown23  .  .  . 
Bread,  graham.              .    . 

%  in.    slice  3  in. 
diam. 
3  slices  %  in.  X 

1.8 

10 

100 

Bread,  white  

2  in.X3X  in. 
2  slices  3  in.  X3^ 

1.4 

14 

100 

in.  X  Kin. 

1.4 

14 

100 

180  .HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

TABLE  B 
100-CALORiE  PORTIONS  OP  COMMON  FOODS — Continued 


Food  stuff 

Quantity 

Weight 
ounces 

Protein 
Calories 

Total 
Calories 

Bread,  whole  wheat. 

2  slices  2K  in.X 

Butter   

2%  in.  X%  in.  • 
1   pat   or    1   tbs. 

1.4 

16 

100 

Buttermilk  

scant 
1%  c. 

.5 
9.9 

1 
34 

100 
100 

Cabbage  

5c.  shredded 

13.3 

21 

100 

Carrots 

4—5  young  carrots 

Cauliflower   . 

3-4  m.  long 
1  very  small  head 

10.1 
11  6 

10 
24 

100 
100 

Celery 

36  small  stalks  or 

Cheese,  American  pale  .... 
Cheese,  American  full 
cream     .           .      . 

4c.#  in.  pieces 
1%  in.  cube 
piece  2  in.  XI    in. 

X%  in. 

23.7 
.8 

9 

24 
26 

25 

100 
100 

100 

Cheese,  cottage  

5M  tbs. 

3.2 

76 

100 

Cheese,  Neuchatel  
Chestnuts  
Chocolate  
Chocolate,  milk,  sweetened 

Cocoa  

2  tbs. 
20 
%  square 
piece  2K  in.  XI  in. 
X  %  in. 
3  tbs. 

1.1 
1.7 

.6    . 

.7 
.7 

23 
10 

8 

7 
17 

100 
100 
100 

100 
100 

Cocoa,  beverage  

%c. 

5.5 

14 

100 

Cod,  salt,  boneless  

9  tbs. 

3.1 

98 

100 

Cookies,  plain23.   . 

2,  2%  in.  in  diam. 

9 

6 

100 

Corn,  canned    .... 

K  c. 

3.6 

11 

100 

Cornflakes  

1%C. 

1.0 

6 

100 

Corn,  green  

2  ears  6  in.  long 

90 

12 

100 

Cornmeal  
Corn  starch  
Corn  starch,  blanc  mange23 
Corn  syrup  
Crackers,  graham  
Crackers,  oyster  
Crackers,  saltine  .  .'  
Crackers,  soda 

3  tbs. 
3  tbs. 

y#. 

2  tbs.  scant 
2 
24 
6 
4,  3  in.  sq. 

1.0 
1.0 
2.7 
1.1 

.8 
.8 
.8 
9 

10 
0 
9 
0 
10 
11 
10 
10 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

Cranberries 

2  c. 

76 

3 

100 

Cranberry  sauce23          .  . 

%  c.  scant 

1.5 

1 

100 

Cream,  thick  (40%)  
Cream  (18%)  
Custard,  cup23  
Dates,  dried,  imstoned  .... 
Doughnuts  

1%  tbs. 
Kc. 
Xc. 
3-4 

X 

.9 
1.8 
3.3 
1.1 

.8 

2 
5 
17 
2 
6 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

Eggs,  whole,  raw  

1% 

2.7 

36 

100 

Eggs,  white 

7  whites 

6.9 

96 

100 

ERRS,  volk 

2  yolks 

1.0 

17 

100 

Farina 

3  tbs.,  dry 

1.0 

12 

100 

Figs,  dried  .  .                   . 

1#  large 

1.1 

5 

100 

Flour,  graham  
Flour,  entire  wheat  

3  tbs. 
4  tbs. 

1.0 
1.0 

15 
15 

100 
100 

FOOD 


TABLE  B 

100-CALORiE  PORTIONS  OF  COMMON  FOODS — Continued 


Food  stuff 

Quantity 

Weight 
ounces 

Flour  wheat            

4  tbs. 

1.0 

Fowl 

21 

Gelatin              

3  tbs.,  dry 

1.0 

Grape  fruit  

%  large,  4^  diam.  .  . 

12.5 

Grape  nuts  
Grapes,  fresh,  Concord.  .  .  . 
Halibut  steak  

Ham  fresh 

3  tbs. 
1  large  bunch 
slice  3  in.X2M  in. 
XI  in. 

1.0 
4.9 

3.5 
1.2 

Ham  smoked,  boiled 

Slice  4%  in.  X  1A  in. 

1.3 

Hominy  grits 

3  tbs. 

1.0 

Honey 

1  tbs. 

1.1 

Ice  cream23       

#  c. 

2.0 

Lamb  chops  

%  chop 

1.1 

Lamb  chops,  broiled  
Lard  

1  chop  2  in.  X  2  in. 
Xti  in. 
2  ts. 

1.6 
.4 

Lettuce  

2  large  heads 

22.3 

Macaroni  

3  sticks  9  in.  long 

1.0 

M  acaroni  cooked 

1  c. 

52 

Mackerel  

1  c. 

2.5 

Mayonnaise 

1  tbs. 

.5 

Milk,  condensed,  sweetened 
Milk,  condensed,  unsweet- 
ened                  

\%  tbs. 
3%  tbs. 

1.1 
2.1 

Milk,  skimmed  
Milk,  top,  10  oz  
Milk,  whole  

l#c. 

Me. 
%c. 

9.6 
2.1 
5.1 

Molasses  cane 

\%  tbs. 

12 

Mutton,  leg 

1  8 

Mutton,  leg,   roast24  .  . 

piece  3  in.  X  3%  in. 

Oats,  rolled  

XKin. 
5  tbs.,  dry 

1.2 
.9 

Oleomargarine  

1  tbs. 

.5 

Olive  oil  

1  tbs. 

.4 

Onions,  fresh 

3—4  medium 

80 

Oranges  . 

1  large 

95 

Oysters,  solids  

14  —  %  c.  solids 

7.2 

Peaches,  canned  

2  large  halves  2^ 

Peaches,  fresh 

-3  diam. 
3  medium 

7.5 
10  5 

Peanuts 

12  nuts 

9 

Peanut  butter  . 

2#  ts. 

6 

Pears,  canned  

2  halves   2   in 

Peas,  canned  
Peas  dried  split 

diam. 
1  c.  scant 
2  tbs              » 

4.7 
6.4 
1  0 

Peas  green 

6  4 

Pineapple 

/4  small  4  in  diam. 

150 

Protein 

Calories 

13 

33 

100 

0 
12 

5 

61 
19 
29 

9 

1 

6 
23 

40 

0 
25 
15 
15 
54 

1 
11 

23 
37 

9 
19 

3 
31 

33 
17 

1 

0 
13 

6 
49 

6 

6 
19 
19 

4 
26 
28 
26 

4 


182 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


TABLE  B 
100-CALOBiE  PORTIONS  OF  COMMON  FOODS — Continued 


Food  stuff 

Quantity 

Weight 
ounces 

Protein 
Calories 

Total 
Calories 

Pork,  loin  chops  

1  small 

1.8 

32 

100 

Potatoes  raw 

1  medium 

5.3 

11 

100 

Potatoes,  sweet  
Prunes  dried           .    .    . 

%  medium 
4  medium 

3.6 
1.4 

6 
3 

100 
100 

Prunes  stewed               .... 

2  and  2  tbs.  juice 

2.8 

2 

100 

Raisins                          

%  c. 

1.1 

3 

100 

Raspberries,  black  
Rhubarb  fresh  

l^c. 
4  c.  of  1  in.  pieces 

5.3 
25.2 

10 
11 

100 
100 

Riee                     

2  tbs. 

1.0 

9 

100 

Rolls.  Vienna  or  French  .  .  . 
Salmon,  canned  
Sardines,  canned  
Sausage,  pork,  cooked24  

Shredded  wheat    

l,2in.X3in.X2in 
J*c. 
3-6 
1%  sausages  3  in. 
long,  3  in.  diam 
after  cooking 
1  biscuit 

1.3 
2.4 
1.7 

1.1 
1.0 

12 
54 

47 

20 
14 

100 
100 
100 

100 
100 

Spinach,  boiled,  chopped24 
Souash  fresh 

2Kc. 

21.0 
156 

12 
12 

100 
100 

Strawberries  fresh 

1%  c. 

95 

10 

100 

Sugar  brown 

3  tbs. 

9 

0 

100 

Sugar  loaf 

3/^  lumps,  full  size 

9 

0 

100 

Sugar,'  white,  granulated  .  . 
Tapioca  
Tapioca,  apple  pudding23  .  . 
Tomatoes,  canned  
Tomatoes,  fresh  
Tomato  soup,  cream23  
Turkey                      .... 

5  ts.  or  2  tbs.scant 
2  tbs. 
%  c. 
1  pint 
2-3  medium 
Xe. 

.9 
1.0 
3.6 
15.6 
15.5 
3.2 
1.5 

0 
0 
1 
21 
16 
11 
28 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

Turkey  roast24 

1.3 

40 

100 

Turnips                  

4  medium    2    in. 

Vanilla  wafers     

diam. 
5  2-in.  wafers 

12.9 

.8 

13 
6 

100 
100 

Veal,  cutlet,  loin     

1  cutlet 

2.7 

62 

100 

Veal,  leg,  roast24  

Slice  2  in.  X  2% 

in.  X  %  in. 

2.3 
2.9 

71 
61 

100 
100 

Wa'nuts,  Cal  

4-8 

1.9 

10 

100 

Walnuts,  Cal.,  meats  
Zwieback  

8-16 
3  pieces  3l/4  in.   X 

.5 

10 

100 

%  in.    X  l}{  in. 

.8 

9 

100 

23  Adapted  from  The  Laboratory  Manual  for  Dietetics,  by  Mary  Swartz 
Rose,  and  Feeding  the  Family,  by  Mary  Swartz  Rose.     Used  by  permission 
of  and  special  arrangement  with  the  Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 

28  The  recipe  upon  which  this  estimate  is  based  is  given  on  page  183. 

24  This  estimate  is  based  upon  the  weight  of  the  food  after  it  has  been 
cooked,  and  it  does  not  include  the  food  value  of  the  fat  left  in  the  pan, 
nor  in  the  case  of  vegetables,  of  fats  and  other  ingredients  used  in  preparing 
food  for  the  table. 


FOOD 


183 


Recipes  used   in  estimating  the  fuel  values  of  the  foods  in 
Table  B:28 


Apples,  baked 

1  large  apple 

Bean  soup,  cream  of 

2  tbs.  butter 
4  tbs.  flour 
!J/3  c.  water 

Bread,  Boston  brown 
1  c.  rye  meal 
1  c.  cornmeal 
1  c.  graham  flour 

Cornstarch,  blanc  mange 

4  tbs.  cornstarch 

y3  c.  sugar 
Cocoa,  beverage 

1/2  c.  milk 

%  c.  water 
Cookies,  plain 

y>2  c.  butter 

1  c.  sugar 

1  egg 
Cranberry  sauce 

1  c.  cranberries 

Custard,  cup 

3  c.  milk 


1  tbs.  water 


2  c.  sour  milk 


c.  water 


6  tbs.  sugar 


Ice  cream 

2  c.  skim-milk 

1  tbs.  flour 

1  c.  sugar 
Prunes,  stewed 

1  Ib.  prunes   (48  prunes) 


Tapioca,  apple  pudding 
y2  c.  tapioca 
4  apples 

Tomato,  cream  of,  soup 

2  c.  canned  tomatoes 
2  ts.  sugar 
1  qt.  milk 


2  tbs.  sugar 


iy8  c.  milk 
1  c.  bean  pulp 
seasonings 

%  ts.  soda 

1  ts.  salt 

%  c.  molasses 


2  c.  milk 

%  ts.  vanilla 

2  ts.  cocoa 
2  ts.  sugar 

14  c.  milk 

2  ts.  baking  powder 

2      c.  flour 


sugar 


3  eggs 


1  egg 

1  qt.  thin  cream 

2  ts.  vanilla 

1  c.  sugar 
water 


Few  grains  salt 


%  c.  sugar 
3  c.  water 


4  tbs.  flour 
i/j  c.  butter 
Ms  medium  onion 


Soda  and  seasonings 


25  These  recipes  are  taken  from  Feeding  the  Family,  by  Mary  Swartz 
Rose.  Used  by  permission  of  and  special  arrangement  with  the  Mac- 
millan  Company,  Publishers. 


184 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


TABLE  C. 

PRICE  LIST  2* 


Food 

Price 

Equivalent  Measures 
and  Weights 

Current 
Local 
Prices 

Apples 

$  12  per  qt. 

1  qt  =25  oz  27 

• 

Apple  pie  

Asparagus  
Bacon  .                   .... 

.25  per  pie 

(4  servings) 
.15  per  bunch 
.45  per  Ib. 

1  pie  =  18  oz. 

1  bunch  =  35  oz. 
2  thin  slices  =  1  oz 

Baking  powder  

.30  per  can 

1  can  =  1  Ib 

Bananas  .  .  .  
Beans,  canned,  baked 
Beans,  dried  
Beans,  Lima,  fresh, 
shelled  

.35  per  dozen 
.15  per  can 
.14  per  Ib. 

.27  per  qt. 

1  cup  =  6  oz. 
1  doz.  =  3  Ibs. 
1  can  =  20  oz. 
1  cup  =  7  oz. 

1  qt.  =  20  oz. 

Beans,  string  
Beef,  corned  
Beef  porterhouse 

.08  per  qt. 
.22  per  Ib. 
50  per  Ib 

1  qt.  =  12  oz." 

Beef  rib  roast 

35  per  Ib. 

Beef,  round  . 

35  per  Ib. 

Beef,  shoulder      .  . 

.30  per  Ib. 

Beef,  sirloin 

.50  per  Ib. 

Beets,  fresh  

.05  per  bunch 

1  bunch  =  24  oz. 

Blue  fish      

.20  per  Ib. 

Bouillon28  

.20  per  can 

1  can  =  16  oz. 

Bread,  graham  
Bread,  rye  
Bread,  white  

.10  per  loaf 
.10  per  loaf 
.10  per  loaf 

1  loaf  =  16  oz. 
1  loaf  =  16  oz. 
1  loaf  =  16  oz. 

Bread,  white,  home- 
made 

14  per  loaf 

1  loaf  =  16  oz. 

Butter 

48  per  Ib 

1  cup  =  8  oz. 

Butter  milk  
Cabbage 

.10  per  qt. 
.05  per  Ib. 

1  qt.  =  34  oz. 
1  head  =  4  Ibs. 

Carrots  .  .           .... 

.05  per  bunch 

1  bunch  =  10  oz. 

Cauliflower  

.25  per  head 

1  head  =  2  Ibs. 

Celery.  

.10  per  bunch 

1  bunch  =  3  stalks 

Cheese,  American  
Cheese,  cream 

.30  per  Ib. 
.12  per  cheese 

1  bunch  =  10  oz. 
1  cup,  packed  solid  =  8  oz. 
1  cup,  grated  =  4  oz. 
1  cheese  =  3  oz. 

Cheese,  full  cream  .  .  . 

Cheese,  Swiss  
Chicken  
Chicken  soup28   .  . 

.35  per  Ib. 

.55  per  Ib. 
.45  per  Ib. 
.20  per  can 

1  cup,  packed  solid  =8  oz. 
1  cup,  grated  =  4  oz. 

1  can  =  16  oz. 

Chocolate,  bitter.  .  .  . 
Chocolate,  German's 
sweet  

.40  per  Ib. 
.10  per  cake 

1  sq.  =  1  oz. 
1  cake  =  4  oz. 

FOOD 


185 


TABLE  C 
PRICE  LIST — Continued. 


Food 

Price 

Equivalent  Measures 
and  Weights 

Current 
Local 
Prices 

Cocoa  

$.25  per  can 

1  can  =  8  oz. 

Cod,  salt  

.25  per  Ib. 

1  cup  =  4K  oz. 

Coffee  

.30  per  Ib. 

4  tbs.  =  1  oz. 

Cookies,  sugar,  3  in. 
diam.  thick  
Corn,  canned  
Cornflakes  

.18  per  doz. 
.17  per  can 
.15  per  box 

1  cup  =4  oz. 

1  doz.  =  10  oz. 
1  can  =  20  oz. 
1  box  =  10  oz. 

Cornmeal 

06K  per  Ib. 

1  cup  =  5  oz. 

Cornstarch  

Corn  syrup  
Crackers,  graham  

.10  per  pkg. 

.15  per  can 
.18  per  pkg. 

1  pkg.  =  16  oz. 
1  cup  =  4^  oz. 
1  can  =  20  oz. 
1  pkg.  =  8%  oz. 

. 

Crackers,  oyster  
Crackers  saltines 

.18  per  Ib. 
.25  per  pkg. 

1  pkg.  =  9K  oz. 

Crackers,  soda  

Cranberries  
Cream  of  wheat  

Cream,  40%  

.10  per  pkg. 

.15  per  qt. 
.25  per  box 

.20  per  K  pt. 

1  pkg.  =  80  crackers 
1  pkg.  =  4%  oz. 
1  pkg.  =  22  crackers 
1  qt.  =  16  oz.27 
1  box  =  28  oz. 
1  cup  =  6  oz. 
#  pt.  =  7%  oz. 

Crisco 

.35  per  can 

1  can  =  24  oz. 

Dates 

.25  per  box 

1  box  =  12  oz. 

Doughnuts,  homemade 
Eggs 

.25  per  doz. 
.55  per  doz. 

1  doz.  =  19  oz. 
1  doz.  =  27  oz. 

Figs  
Flour,  barley  

Flour,  corn  
Flour,  graham 

.20  per  Ib. 
.38  per  sack 

.07  per  Ib. 
.35  per  sack 

7  eggs  =  16  oz. 
24  figs  =  16  oz. 
1  sack  =  5  Ibs. 
1  cup  =  3K  oz^ 
1  cup  =  41A  oz. 
1  sack  =  5  Ib. 

Flour,  potato  
Flour,  rice  
Flour,  rye  

.18  per  Ib. 
.14  per  Ib. 
.38  per  sack 

1  cup  =  5  oz. 
1  cup  =  6  oz. 
1  cup  =  5  oz. 
1  sack  =  5  Ib. 

Flour;  wheat  
Flour,  whole  wheat 
Gelatin,  granulated  .  .  . 
Grape  fruit  

1.48  per  bag 
.35  per  sack 
.10  per  pkg. 
.10  a  piece 

1  cup  =  5  oz. 
1  bag  =  24^  Ibs. 
1  cup,  sifted  =  4  oz. 
1  sack  =  5  Ib. 
1  cup  =  5  oz. 
1  pkg.  =  1  oz. 
k3tbs.  =  l  oz. 

186 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


TABLE  C 

PRICE  LIST — Continued 


Food 

Price 

Equivalent  Measures 
and  Weights 

Current 
Local 
Prices 

Grape  nuts  

$.14  per  pkg 

1  pkg.  =  14  oz. 

Haddock  

.15  per  Ib 

Halibut  

.35  per  Ib. 

Ham,  fresh 

38  per  Ib 

Ham,  smoked 

35  per  Ib 

Hominy  grits  
Hominy,  pearl 

.15  per  box 
15  per  box 

1  box  =  28  oz. 
1  cup  =  5J*  oz. 
1  box  —  28  oz 

Honey 

30  per  Ib 

Ice  cream 

60  per  qt 

1  qt.  ~  32  oz 

Lamb  chops  

55  per  Ib 

Lard     

33  per  Ib 

1  cup  =  8  oz. 

Lemons  

45  per  doz 

1  doz    =  3  Ibs 

Lettuce  

10  per  head 

1  head  =  9  oz 

Liver,  veal  

38  per  Ib 

Macaroni  

.12  per  nke 

1  pkg.  =  12  oz. 

Mackerel  

25  per  Ib 

Maple  syrup  

2.50  per  gal. 

1  gal.  =  8  Ib. 

Milk,  condensed, 
sweetened  
Milk,  skimmed  
Milk  whole 

.17  per  can 
.05  per  qt. 
14  per  qt 

1  can  =  16  oz. 
1  qt.  =  34  oz. 
1  qt    =34  oz 

Molasses,  cane 

15  per  can 

1  can  ~~  26  oz 

Mutton,  leg 

35  per  Ib 

1  cup  =  12  oz. 

Mutton,  loin  chops 
Oats,  rolled  

Oil,  cottonseed  table  .  . 
Oil,  olive   . 

.50  per  Ib. 
.13  per  box 

1.80  per  can 
7  50  per  gal 

1  box  =  20  oz. 
6  cups  =  16  oz. 
1  can  =  80  oz. 
1  gal.  =  7K  Ib. 

Oleomargarine  ...    . 

3.00  per  qt. 
33  per  Ib. 

1  cup  =  1%  oz. 
1  cup  =  8  oz. 

Onions  

.10  per  qt. 

1  qt.  =  28  1A  oz.27 

Oranges  

.70  per  doz. 

1  doz.  =  5K  Ib. 

Oysters  

.50  per  at. 

1  qt.  =  32  oz. 

Peaches,  canned  
Peaches,  fresh  

.24  per  can 
1.75  per  %  bu. 

1  qt.  =28  oysters 
1  can  =  30  oz. 
%  bu.  =  25  Ib.27 

Peanuts 

25  per  Ib 

1  cup  —  2/4  oz 

Peas,  canned  
Peas,  dried,  split  .  . 

.12J£  per  can 
.16  per  Ib 

12  peanuts  =  1  oz. 
1  can  =  20  oz. 

1  cup  =  7%  oz 

Peas,  green  

•07^  per  qt. 

1  qt.  =  30  oz.27 

Pepper  
Pickles,  Dill 

.10  per  box 
15  per  doz 

1  box  =  4  oz. 

FOOD 


187 


TABLE  C 

PRICE  LIST — Continued 


Food 

Price 

Equivalent  Measures 
and  Weights 

Current 
Local 
Prices 

Pork,  loin  chops  
Pork,  salt  
Potatoes,  sweet 

.40  per  Ib. 
.42  per  Ib. 
08  per  qt 

1  qt    —  27  oz  a 

Potatoes,  white  
Prunes,  dried  
Raisins,  seeded  
Rice  

1.30  per  ^bu. 
.15  per  Ib. 
.14  per  pkg. 
14  per  Ib 

%  bu.  =  30  Ib.27 
48    prunes  =  16  oz. 
1  pkg.  =  15  oz. 
1     cup  =  8  oz 

Rolls  

20  per  doz. 

1  doz.  =  16  oz. 

Salmon  

25  per  can 

1  can  =  16  oz. 

Salt  

05  per  bag 

1  bag  =  40  oz. 

Sausage  meat  

.22  per  Ib. 

1  cup  =  8  oz. 

Shredded  wheat  
Soda 

.14  per  box 
08  per  box 

1  box  =  12  oz. 
1  box  =  12  biscuits 
1  box  —  16  oz 

Spinach 

15  per  peck 

1  cup  =  8  oz. 
1  peck  =  3  Ib  w 

Sugar,  brown  

.09H  per  Ib. 

1  cup  =  5  %  oz. 

Sugar,  domino 

14  per  Ib 

4  full  size  lumps  =  1  oz 

Sugar,  granulated  
Sugar,  powdered. 

.09^  per  Ib. 
11  per  Ib. 

1  cup  equals  7  %  oz. 
1  cup  =  6  oz. 

Tapioca  

10  per  pkg. 

1  oke.  =  16  oz. 

Tea  
Tomato  soup28  
Tomatoes,  canned  .... 
Tomatoes,  fresh  

.50  per  Ib. 
.20  per  can 
.20  per  can 
.25  per  4  qt. 

1  cup  =  6H  oz. 
6  tbs.  =  1  oz. 
1  can  =  16  oz. 
1  can  =  32  oz. 
1  qt.  =  28  oz.27 

«» 

Turkey  .  .    . 

60  per  Ib 

3  tomatoes  =  16  oz. 

Vanilla..    .    . 

25  per  bottle 

1  bottle  =  2  oz. 

Veal  cutlet  

.45  per  Ib 

Vinegar  

.15  per  bottle 

1  bottle  =  26  oz. 

Walnut  meats  

1.00  per  Ib. 

16  meats  =  1  oz. 

Walnuts,  unshelled  .... 
Wheatena 

.30  per  Ib. 
25  per  box 

35  nuts  =  16  oz. 
1  box  —  23  oz 

1  cup  =  6  oz. 

1:8  The  prices  are  local  prices  for  Detroit,  Michigan  (1918).  The  data  in 
column  3,  Equivalent  Measures  and  Weights,  have  been  obtained,  as  far 
as  possible,  by  actually  weighing  the  foods.  When  this  has  not  been 
possible,  the  weights  have  been  obtained  by  consultation  with  merchants 
and  from  the  following  sources: 

Get  Your  Money's  Worth,  Key  to  Economy,  issued  by  Department 
of  Weights  and  Measures,  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  Feeding  the  Family,  by 
Mary  Swartz  Rose.  Used  by  permission  of  and  special  arrangement  with  the 
Macmillan  Company,  Publishers. 

27  Get  Your  Money's  Worth,  Key  to  Economy.  Issued  by  Department 
of  Weights  and  Measures,  Newark,  N.  J. 

88  These  prices  and  weights  are  for  soups,  not  concentrated  but  ready 
to  serve. 


188 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


TABLE  D 
WEIGHT  OF  COMMON  MEASURES  OF  FOOD  MATERIALS 


Material 


Weight  in  ounces 


1  cup 


1  tbs. 


Baking  powder 

Beans,  navy,  dried 7 

Beans,  Lima,  dried 5% 

Bread  crumbs,  stale 3 

Butter 8 

Cheese,  grated 4 

Cheese,  packed  solid 8 

Cocoa 

Cod,  shredded 6 

Coffee 4 

Cornmeal 5 
Cornstarch 

Cream,  thick 7% 

Cream,  thin 8 

Crisco 

Farina 6 

Flour,  graham 5 

Flour,  wheat,  sifted 4 

Gelatin,  granulated 

Lard 8 

Meat,  chopped 8 

Milk 

Milk,  condensed,  unsweetened 11 

Milk,  condensed,  sweetened 8 

Nuts,  chopped 3 

Oats,  rolled 
Olive  oil 
Peas,  dried 

Rice,  uncooked ' 7 

Salt 

Soda 

Suet 

Sugar,  brown 5% 

Sugar,  granulated 7% 

Sugar,  powdered 6 

Tapioca 
Tea.. 


•  % 
% 


Ko 


FOOD  189 

TABLE  E 

TABLES  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 
ENGLISH  SYSTEM 

Linear  Measure 
12  inches    (in.)=l  foot  (ft.)» 
3  feet=l  yard   (yd.) 
5V>  yards,  or  16  %  feet  =  1  rd.   (rd.) 
320  rods,  or  5280  feet=l  mile   (mi.) 

Square  Measure 
144  square  inches  (sq.  in.)  =1  sq.  foot   (sq.  ft.) 

9  square  feet  =  1  square  yard  ( sq.  yd. ) 
30*4  square  yards  =  1  square  rod   (sq.  rd.) 

160  square  rods  =  1  acre  (A.) 

640  acres  —  1   square  mile  ( sq.  mi. ) 

Cubic  Measure 

1728  cubic  inches    (cu.  in.)  =  1  cubic  foot   (cu.  ft.) 
27  cubic  feet— 1  cubic  yard    (cu.  yd.) 
128  cubic  feet  =  1  cord   (cd.) 

Weight   (Avoirdupois) 
16  ounces   (oz.)  =1  pound  (Ib.) 
2000  pounds  =  1  ton   (T.) 

* 

Liquid  Measure 
4  gills   (gi.)=l  pint  (pt.) 

2  pints  =  1  quart  ( qt. ) 
4  quarts  —  1  gallon   (gal.) 

METRIC  SYSTEM 
Measures  of  Length 

10  millimeters   (mm.)  =  1  centimeter    (cm.) 
10  centimeters  =  1  decimeter    (dm.) 

10  decimeters  =  1  meter    (m.) 

1 0  meters  =  1  dekameter    ( Dm. ) 
10  dekameters  =  1  hektometer    (Hin.) 
10  hektometer s  =  1  kilometer    (Km.) 

Measures  of  Capacity 

10  milliliters  (ml.)  =  1  centiliter    (cl.) 

10  centiliters  =  1  deciliter    (dl.) 

10  deciliters  =  1  liter    (1.) 

10  liters  =  1  dekaliter    (Dl.) 

10  dekaliters  =  1  hektoliter    (HI.) 

10  hektoliters  =  1  kiloliter    (Kl.) 

29 The  signs  '  and  "  are  used  to  represent  feet  and  inches  respectively; 
thus,  3  ft.  2  in.  may  be  written  3'  2". 


190  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

TABLE  E 

TABLES   OF  WEIGHTS   AND  MEASURES — Continued 
Measures  of  Weight 

10  milligrams    (nig.)  =  1  centigram    (eg-.) 
10  centigrams  =  1  decigram    (dg.) 
10  decigrams  =  1  gram    (g. ) 

10  grams  =  1  dekagram    (Dg.) 
10  dekagrams  =  1  hektogram    (Hg.) 
10  hektograms  =  1  kilogram    (Kg.) 
1000  kilograms  =  1  ton    (T.) 

Metric  Equivalent  Measures 

1  meter  =  39.37  in.  =  3.28083  ft.  =  1.0936  yd. 
1  centimeter  =      .3937  inch 
1   kilometer  =      .62137  mile 

1  inch=  2.54    centimeters  =  25 A   millimeters 

1  liter=  1.0567  quarts 

1  liter  =  2.202  Ib.  of  water  at  62°  F. 
1  quart  =      .946  liter 
1  gram  =      .0353  oz. 

1  kilogram  =  2.2045  pounds 

1  ounce,  avoirdupois  =  28.35  grams 

1  pound  =       .4536  kilogram  =  453.6  grams 


HIGHER  LIFE 


HIGHER  LIFE 
BUDGETS  OF  EXPENDITURES  FOR  HIGHER  LIFE 

IT  is  in  the  expenditures  for  higher  life  ^that  the  individuality 
of  the  family  is  most  apparent.  If  the  income  is  large  enough  to 
permit  of  a  moderate  allowance  for  this  budget  division  then  there 
is  opportunity  for  some  choice  in  the  matter  of  expenditures,  hut 
this  is  more  or  less  impossible  if  the  family  income  falls  below 
$1000.  Many  subdivisions  of  the  expenditures  for  higher  life  may 
be  made  to  suit  the  needs  or  desires  of  different  families,  but  these 
may  be  classified  under  five  main  divisions:  health,  beneficence, 
recreation,  education,  and  incidentals.  The  principal  objects  for 
which  money  is  expended  in  each  of  these  divisions  are  as  follows : 

Health. — Doctor,  dentist,  nurse,  medicine. 

Beneficence. — Church,  contributions  to  charity,  relief  work. 

Recreation. — Athletics,  theater,  moving  pictures,  travel,  vaca- 
tion. 

Education. — Schooling,  books,  periodicals,  newspapers,  music, 
lectures,  societies. 

Incidentals. — Gifts  to  friends,  unclassified  expenditures. 

It  is  also  customary  to  include  savings  and  investments  under 
higher  life. 

For  the  purpose  of  comparing  the  expenditures  of  different 
families  for  higher  life,  an  arbitrary  standard  may  be  set  up  and 
used  as  the  basis  of  comparison.  Expenditures  for  the  various 
objects  exclusive  of  incidentals  will  then  be  rated  according  as 
they  conform  to  this  standard.  A  score-card  for  this  purpose  may 
be  devised  in  which  records  conforming  to  the  standard  would  be 
rated  100  points. 

SCORE-CARD  FOR  GRADING  EXPENDITURES  FOR  HIGHER  LiFE1 

Possible       Actual 
Standard  Score  Score 

A.  Minimum  amount  to  be  devoted  to  higher  life: 

25  per  cent,  of  the  total  family  income   50 

B.  Minimum  amounts  to  be  expended  on  subdivisions  of 

higher  life 50 

Savings   20  per  cent,  of  the  total  devoted  to 

higher    life 

1  From  MSS.  of  B.  R.  Andrews,  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University. 
13  193 


194  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Possible       Actual 
Standard  •    ,  Score  Score 

Education     10  per  cent,  of  the  total  devoted  to 

higher  life 

Beneficence     10  per  cent,  of  the  total  devoted  to 

higher  life 

Recreation    5  per  cent,  of  the  total  devoted  to 

higher  life 

Health    5  per  cent,  of  the  total  devoted  to 

higher  life 

50 

100 

Directions. — Under  A,  deduct  1  point  for  each  per  cent,  of 
the  amount  expended  for  higher  life  less  "than  25  per  cent. 

Under  B,  deduct  2  points  for  each  per  cent,  of  deficiency  below 
the  minimum  per  cent,  given  for  any  division;  but  not  a  total  of 
over  50  points. 

EXERCISE  I 

Problem. — A  teacher  with  a  salary  of  $1200  made  the  following  expendi- 
tures for  higher  life:  Church,  $100;  beneficence,  $150;  health,  $30;  insur- 
ance, $27.50;  incidentals,  $6.50;  books  and  magazines,  $15;  recreation, 
$7.50.  Find  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  for  higher  life  that  was  expended 
on  each  division  of  the  budget.  Grade  the  expenditures  according  to  the 
method  suggested  above. 

$100  +  $150  +  $30  +  $27.50  +  $15  +  $7.50  +  $6.50 

=  $336.50,  the  total  amount  spent  for  higher  life,  or 

28  per  cent,  of  the  total  income. 
$100 +  $150  =$250,  the  total  for  beneficence. 
$27.50  -f-  $336.50  =  .08,  or  8%,  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  expended  for 

savings. 
$15  -i.  $336.50  =  .04,  or  4%,  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  expended  for 

education. 
$250  -4- $336.50  =  .74,  or  74%,  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  expended  for 

beneficence. 
$7.50  -f-  $336.50  =  .02,  or  2%,  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  expended  for 

recreation. 
$30  -i-  $336.50  =  .09,  or  9%,  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  expended  for 

health. 
$336.50 -f- $1200  =  .28,  or  28%,  the  per  cent,  of  the  income  for  higher 

life. 
The  score  for  A  is  50,  since  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  the  income  is 

expended  for  higher  life. 

In  B  24  pts.  are  deducted  for  a  12  per  cent,  deficiency  in  savings. 
12  pts.,  for  a  6  per  cent,  deficiency  in  education. 
6  pts.,  for  a  3  per  cent,  deficiency  in  recreation. 

42  pts.,  the  total  number  of  points  deducted. 
50  -  42  =  8,  the  score  for  B. 
50  +  8  =  58,  the  total  score. 
The  scores  should  be  entered  in  the  proper  places  on  the  score-card. 


HIGHER  LIFE 


195 


In  the  following  budgets,  find  the  per  cent,  of  the  total  amount 
for  higher  life  expended  on  each  division  of  the  budget.  Grade 
the  expenditures,  using  the  score-card : 


1.  Clergyman.     Salary,  $1000. 
Expenditures : 

Poor  fund $14.00 

Doctor's  bills    18.90 

Missions  5.00 

Medicine    10.50 

Red  Cross   6.00 

Books 18.00 

Magazines    3.00 


Newspapers  ' $3.25 

Concerts 1.50 

Party  for  children  .  .  .   3.85 

Pleasure 9.50 

Insurance 80.00 

Trip  to  conference 55.00 


2.  Clerk.     Salary,  $1200. 
Expenditures : 

Church  subscriptions  .  .  $24.00 

Patriotic  fund    12.00 

Dentist     6.50 

Doctor 4.00 

Insurance 28.40 

Theater 10.50 

Dances 6.80 


Athletics     $14.50 

Y.  M.  C.  A 5.00 

Pleasures  5.00 

Magazines   6.00 

Newspapers 8.50 

Music  lessons   24.00 

Medicine  ..  3.25 


:).  Accountant.     Income,  $1550. 
Expenditures: 

Red  Cross  $5.00 

Charity  Organization .  .  5.00 

Hospital  3.00 

Armenian  and  Syrian 

Relief  20.00 

Y.  M.  C.  A.  and 

Y.  W.  C.  A 10.00 

War  Camp  Community 

Service 10.00 

4.  Farmer,     Income,  $1800 
Expenditures : 

Medical   aid    . $26.70 

Church     15.79 

Refurnishing 80.00 

Amusement 20.00 

Life  insurance  . 95.00 

Magazines  and  papers .  .  24.00 

Books    .                   ?:•;.'.  22.00 


Church    $12.00 

Doctor     18.00 

Dentist 12.00 

Medicine 6.62 

Insurance 218.59 

Newspapers  and  maga- 
zines       10.40 

Theaters  and  movies.  . .     4.00 
Entertaining   11.60 


Vacation   trip $113.25 

Club  dues    ..' 20.00 

Charity 25.00 

Christmas  gifts    45.00 

Improvements  to  prop- 
erty      16.80 

Savings 400.00 


196 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


5.  Mechanic.     Income,  $1000. 
Expenditures : 

Church   $12.00 

Subscription     for     new 

church 80.00 

War  fund    I2.00T 

Doctor 4.00 

Medicine    .  8.23 


Insurance $36. 7o 

Savings  bank    60.00 

Papers    3.25 

Books   1.75 

Amusements    .  .    15.00 


SAVING  AND  INVESTMENT 

Not  all  of  the  family  income  should  be  expended  for  food,  cloth- 
ing, shelter,  and  the  other  items  of  the  household  budget,  but  a 
definite  part  should  be  set  aside  each  year  as  savings.  There  may 
come  a  time  when  the  earning  power  of  the  bread-winner  of  the 
family  is  lessened  because  of  old  age,  sickness,  or  loss  of  position ; 
bills  may  arise  from  unforeseen  emergencies,  such  as  sickness  or  ac- 
cident ;  money  may  be  required  for  the  education  of  the  children  or 
for  travel.  To  meet  the  needs  of  these  situations  the  savings  of 
previous  years  should  be  available. 

AMOUNT  OF  $1  AT  COMPOUND  INTEREST  FROM  1  TO  25  YEARS 


Years 

3K% 

4% 

4K% 

5% 

5K% 

6% 

1 

.035000 

1.040000 

1.045000 

1.050000 

1.055000 

1.060000 

2 

.071225 

1.081600 

1.092025 

1.102500 

1.113025 

1.123600 

3 

.108718 

1.124864 

1.141166 

1.157625 

1.174241 

1.191016 

4 

.147523 

1.169859 

1.192519 

1.215506 

1.238825 

1.262477 

5 

.187686 

1.216653 

1.246182 

1.276282 

1.306960 

1.338226 

6 

.229255 

1.265319 

1.302260 

1.340096 

1.378843 

1.418519 

7 

.272279 

1.315932 

1.360862 

1.407100 

1.454679 

1.503630 

8 

1.316809 

1.368569 

1.422101 

1.477455 

1.534687 

1.593848 

9 

1.362897 

1.423312 

1.486095 

1.551328 

1.619094 

1.689479 

10 

1.410599 

1.480244 

1.552969 

1.628895 

1.708144 

1.790848 

11 

1.459970 

1.539454 

1.622853 

1.710339 

1.802092 

1.898299 

12 

1.511069 

1.601032 

1.695881 

1.795856 

1.901207 

2.012196 

13 

1.563956 

1.665074 

1.772196 

1.885649 

2.005774 

2.132928 

14 

1.618695 

1.731676 

1.851945 

1.979932 

2.116091 

2.260904 

15 

1.675349 

1.800944 

1.935282 

2.078928 

2.232476 

2.396558 

16 

1.733986 

1.872981 

2.022370 

2.182875 

2.355263 

2.540352 

17 

1.794676 

1.947901 

2.113377 

2.292018 

2.484802 

2.692773 

18 

1.857489 

2.025817 

2.208479 

2.406619 

2.621466 

2.854339 

19 

1.922501 

2.106849 

2.307860 

2.526950 

2.765647 

3.025600 

20 

1.989789 

2.191123 

2.411714 

2.653298 

2.917757 

3.207135 

21 

2.059431 

2.278768 

2.520241 

2.785963 

3.078234 

3.399564 

22 

2.131512 

2.369919 

2.633652 

2.925261 

3.247537 

3.603537 

23 

2.206114 

2.464716 

2.752166 

3.071524 

3.426152 

3.819750 

24 

2.283328 

2.563304 

2.876014 

2.225100 

3.614590 

4.048935 

25 

2.363245 

2.665836 

3.005434 

3.386355 

3.813392 

4.291871 

HIGHER  LIFE 


197 


There  are  many  ways  of  investing  these  savings,  among  the 
most  important  of  which  are  the  savings  bank  account,  the  postal 
savings  deposit,  shares  in  a  building  and  loan  association,  life 
insurance,  investments  in  stocks,  bonds,  mortgages,  government 
securities,  arid  real  estate. 

Investments  that  pay  more  than  5  per  cent,  or  6  per  cent, 
interest  usually  involve  an  element  of  risk  and  are  not  recommended 
for  the  small  investor. 

AMOUNT  OF  $1  PER  ANNUM  AT  COMPOUND  INTEREST  FROM  1  TO  20  YEARS 


Years 

3K%-' 

4% 

4K% 

5% 

5X% 

6% 

1 

1.000000 

1.000000 

1.000000 

1.000000 

1.000000 

1.000000 

2 

2.035000 

2.040000 

2.045000 

2.050000 

2.055000 

2.060000 

3 

3.106225 

3.121600 

3.137025 

3.152500 

3.168025 

3.183600 

4 

4.214943 

4.246464 

4.278191 

4.310125 

4.342266 

4.374616 

5 

5.362466 

5.416323 

5.470710 

5.525631 

5.581091 

5.637093 

6 

6.550152 

6.632975 

6.716892 

6.801913 

6.888051 

6.975319 

7 

7.779408 

7.898294 

8.019152 

8.142008 

8.266894 

8.393838 

8 

9.051687 

9.214226 

9.380014 

9.549109 

9.721573 

9.897468 

9 

10.368496 

10.582795 

10.802114 

11.026564 

11.256260 

11.491316 

10 

11.731393 

12.006107 

12.288209 

12.577893 

12.875354 

13.180795 

11 

13.141992 

13.486351 

13.841179 

14.206787 

14.583498 

14.971643 

12 

14.601962 

15.025805 

15.464032 

15.917127 

16.385590 

16.869941 

13 

16.113030 

16.626838 

17.159913 

17.712983 

18.286797 

18.882138 

14 

17.676986 

18.291911 

18.932109 

19.598632 

20.292571 

21.015066 

15 

19.295681 

20.023588 

20.784054 

21.578564 

22.408662 

23.275970 

16 

20.971030 

21.824531 

22.719337 

23.657492 

24.641138 

25.672528 

17 

22.705016 

23.697512 

24.741707 

25.840366 

26.996401 

28.212880 

18 

24.499691 

25.645413 

26.855084 

28.132385 

29.481203 

30.905653 

19 

26.357181 

27.671229 

29.063562 

30.539004 

32.102669 

33.759992 

20 

28.279682 

29.778079 

31.371423 

33.065954 

34.868316 

36.785591 

EXERCISE  II 

Problem. — A  girl  received  a  legacy  of  $500  when  she  was  3  years  old. 
It  was  invested  for  her  at  4  per  cent,  compound  interest.  What  did  it 
amount  to  when  she  was  21  years  old? 

From  the  compound  interest  table  on  page  196  it  will  be  seen  that  $1 
amounts  to  $2.025817  in  18  years. 

Hence  $500  will  amount  to  500  X  $2.025817  or  $1012.91. 

Problem. — A  young  man  deposited  $150  annually  in  a  savings  bank 
that  pays  3%  per  cent,  compound  interest.  What  did  his  savings  amount 
to  at  the  end  of  10  years? 

From  the  above  table  it  will  be  seen  that  $1  deposited  annually  at  3% 

per  cent,  interest  for  10  years  amounts  to  $11.731393. 
Hence  $150   deposited   annually  for    10   years  will   amount   to    150  X 
$11.731393  or  $1759.71. 


198  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

1.  In  order  to  buy  a  wrist  watch,  Helen  decided  not  to  spend  all 
of  her  allowance  on  ice  cream  and  the  movies,  but  to  put  15  cents 
into  the  savings  bank  each  week.     At  4^/2  per  cent,  interest,  com- 
pounded annually,  how  much  money  would  she  have  at  the  end 
of  5  years? 

2.  Helen's  chum  wants  to  buy  a.  $50  bond.    If  she  can  put  25 
cents  a  week  into  a  savings  bank  that  pays  4%  per  cent,  interest, 
compounded  annually,  how  long  will  it  take  her  to  save  enough 
money  to  buy  the  bond  ? 

3.  A  War  Savings  Stamp  cost  $4.18  in  July,  1919.    On  January 
1,  1924,  the  government  will  pay  $5  to  the  owner  of  the  stamp. 
Show  that  the  interest  on  the  stamp  is  figured  at  the  rate  of  4  per 
cent,  compounded  quarterly. 

4.  Mary  Jones  has  a  War  Savings  Certificate  which  is  a  folder 
containing  $5  War  Savings  Stamps.     She  bought  one  stamp  each 
month  for  5  months,  beginning  April,  1918,  when  a  stamp  cost 
$4.15.    The  stamps  increased  in  cost  1  cent  each  month.     In  1923 
when  the  certificate  can  be  redeemed  for  its  face  value,  how  much 
interest  will  she  receive? 

5.  Mr.  Johnson  began  when  his  son  was  4  years  old  investing 
$75  for  him  on  each  birthday.     If  the  money  is  invested  at  4  per 
cent,  compound  interest,  how  much  will  it  amount  to  on  the  boy's 
21st  birthday? 

6.  Harvey  Jones  saves  5  cents  a  week  for  10  years  and  deposits 
his  savings  annually  in  a  savings  bank  that  pays  4  per  cent,  interest. 
How  much  will  he  have  at  the  end  of  this  time  ? 

7.  Margaret  Stevens,  a  seamstress,  finds  that  she  can  save  on  an 
average  of  $10  a  month.     If  she  deposits  her  savings  annually  in 
a  savings  bank  paying  3y2  per  cent,  compound  interest,  what  will 
they  amount  to  at  the  end  of  12  years? 

8.  Hilda  Jackson  received  a  legacy  of  $1500  when  she  was  40 
years  old.     She  invested  it  in  such  a  way  as  to  bring  5  per  cent, 
compound  interest.     What  did  it  amount  to  when  she  was  60  years 
old  and  obliged  to  retire  from  business?     If  she  reinvested  it  at 
this  time  at  6  per  cent,  simple  interest,  what  annual  income  did 
she  receive  from  her  investment  ? 

9.  What  would  a  woman  35  years  old  have  to  save  annually, 
if  she  invested  it  at  4  per  cent,  compound  interest,  in  order  to  have 
her  savings  amount  to  $10,000  by  the  time  she  is  60  years  old  ? 


HIGHER  LIFE  199 

10.  A  man  has  partially  provided  for  his  family  in  case  of  his 
death  by  taking  out  a  life  insurance  policy  for  $5000  on  which  he 
pays  an  annual  premium  of  $125.20.  If  he  can  invest  his  additional 
savings  so  as  to  bring  4%  Per  cen^-  compound  interest,  how  much 
more  will  he  have  to  save  annually  to  provide  another  $5000  by  the 
end  of  20  years? 

POSTAL  SAVINGS  DEPOSITS 

The  postal  savings  system  of  the  United  States  is  in  operation 
in  a  large  number  of  post  offices  throughout  the  country.  In  these 
post  offices  any  person  may  make  a  deposit  of  a  dollar  or  more. 
Keceipts  for  deposits  are  issued  in  the  form  of  postal  savings  certifi- 
cates. Since  these  certificates  are  made  out  in  denominations  of 
$1,  $2,  $5,  $10,  $20,  $50,  it  is  evident  that  no  fraction  of  a  dollar 
will  be  received  for  deposit.  One  may,  however,  deposit  less  than  a 
dollar  in  the  form  of  postal  savings  stamps,  but  without  interest. 

Each  certificate  bears  interest  at  the  rate  of  2  per  cent,  from 
the  first  of  the  month  following  that  in  which  it  was  purchased. 
This  interest  is  payable  annually,  but  no  interest  is  paid  on  money 
which  remains  on  deposit  for  less  than  a  year.  Compound  interest 
is  not  allowed,  but  a  depositor  may  use  the  interest  to  purchase 
a  new  certificate  which  will  bear  interest. 

Although  the  rate  of  interest  is  low,  many  people  prefer  this 
method  of  investing  savings  because  the  government  guarantees  the 
payment  of  the  money. 

EXERCISE    III 

Problem. — Find  the  interest  on  $45  on  deposit  in  a  postal  savings  bank 
for  three  years,  if  the  interest,  when  it  amounted  to  $1  or  more,  was  invested 
in  a  new  certificate.  , 

3X2  per  cent,  of  $45  =  $2.70,  the  interest  for  three  years. 

At  the  end  of  the  second  year  the  interest  was  $1.80,  one  dollar  of 
which  was  invested  in  a  new  certificate.  The  interest  on  this  certificate  at 
the  end  of  the  third  year  was  2  cents,  making  the  total  interest  $2.72. 

Find  the  amount  of  the  principal  and  interest  on  the  following 
sums  deposited  in  a  postal  savings  bank,  if  the  interest  is  invested 
when  it  amounts  to  $1  or  more. 

1.  $15  for  2  years.  4.  $10     for  5  years. 

2.  $55  for  3  years.  5.  $73     for  8  years. 

3.  $35  for  6  years.  6.  $12C  for  6  years. 


200  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

7.  Mary  Jones  made  the  following  deposits  in  a  postal  savings 
bank:  $3,  March  12,  1913;  $4,  May  5,  1913;  $1,  June  4,  1913; 
$2,  Sept.  2-0,  1913;  $5,  Oct.  5,  1913;  $10,  Dec.  27,1913;  $3,  Feb. 
7,  1914;  $1,  March  4,  1914;  $2,  April  6,  1914.     What  was  the 
amount  of  the  principal  and  interest  on  April  1,  1915? 

8.  If  $1  is  deposited  each  month  for  three  years,  what  will  be 
the  amount  of  principal  and  interest  at  the  end  of  that  time  ? 

9.  $45  is  deposited  quarterly  for  five  years.    At  the  end  of  the 
time  what  will  be  the  amount  of  the  principal  and  interest,  if  the 
interest  is  used  for  new  certificates  whenever  it  amounts  to  $1  or 
more  ? 

SAVINGS  BANK  ACCOUNTS 

A  savings  bank  is  a  bank  with  the  purpose  of  receiving  small 
deposits  of  money  and  paying  interest  thereon.  It  is  under  the 
control  of  state  laws.  Hence  it  furnishes  a  safe  as  well  as  convenient 
method  of  investing  small  amounts.  When  the  savings  have  accu- 
mulated to  a  sufficient  amount,  they  may  often  wisely  be  withdrawn 
and  used  for  investments  drawing  a  higher  rate  of  interest,  such 
as  bonds,  mortgages,  etc.,  although  the  individual  investment  in  the 
latter  form  is  not  usually  as  secure  as  the  savings  bank  deposit. 

Interest  is  paid  on  the  money  deposited  at  the  rate  of  3  per  cent, 
or  4  per  cent.,  but  no  interest  is  paid  on  fractions  of  a  dollar. 
The.  interest  is  payable  semiannually  or  quarterly.  Some  banks 
allow  interest  from  the  first  of  each  month,  others  from  the  first 
of  each  quarter,  and  still  others  from,  the  first  of  each  half-year. 
The  interest  is  usually  computed  on  the  smallest  balance  on  hand 
between  this  day  and  the  next  interest  day.  A  withdrawal  may 
cancel  the  interest  on  the  sum  withdrawn  for  the  entire  interest 
period  or  for  the  quarter.  Banks  have  different  rules  in  regard  to 
the  payments  of  interest.  These  are  printed  in  the  pass-books  and 
should  be  carefully  studied  by  the  depositor. 

The  interest  dates  are  most  frequently  January  1  and  July  1. 
When  interest  becomes  due,  it  may  be  withdrawn  or  it  may  be  left 
to  the  credit  of  the  depositor.  If  it  is  left  on  deposit,  it  will 
draw  interest.  Savings  banks,  therefore,  pay  compound  interest. 

EXERCISE    IV 

Problem. — Find  the  balance  due  Jan.  1,  1913,  on  the  following  savings 
bank  account:  Mrs.  Jones  opened  the  account  on  Sept.  30,  1911,  by 
depositing  $45.  She  deposited  Jan.  9,  1912,  $75;  deposited  April  1,  1912, 


HIGHER  LIFE  201 

$73;  withdrew  May  6,  1912,  $50;  deposited  June  1,  1912,  $45;  deposited 
Sept.  20,  1912,  $70;  withdrew  Oct.  10,  1912,  $35;  deposited  Nov.  1,  1912,  $20. 
Interest  is  computed  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per  annum  on  all  amounts  that 
have  been  on  deposit  for  6  months  or  3  months  prior  to  the  interest  dates 
of  Jan.  1  and  July  1. 

Dates                                     Deposits        Withdrawals  Interest  Balance 

Sept.  30,   1911  $45  ..1  ...  $45.00 

Jan.  1,  1912 ...  $.45  45.45 

Jan.  9,    1912  75  ...  ...  120.45 

April  1,  1912  73  ...  ...  193.45 

May  6,    1912  $50  ...  143.45 

June  1,    1912  45  ...  ...  188.45 

July  1,    1912  ...  1.88  190.33 

Sept.  20,  1912  70  ...  ...  260.33 

Oct.  10,    1912  35  ...  225.33 

Nov.  1,    1912  20  ...  ...  245.33 

Jan.  1,  1913 4.15  249.48 

$45  X  .01  =$.45,  the  interest  on  $45  for  3  months,  due  Jan.   1,  1912. 

$45.45  is  the  smallest  amount  on  deposit  from  Jan.  1,  1912,  to  April  1, 

1912,  and  $143.45  is  the  smallest  amount  on  deposit  from  April  1, 

1912,  to  July  1,  1912. 

Hence,  $45  X  .01  +  $143  X  .01,  or  $1.88,  is  the  amount  of  interest  due 

July  1. 
$190  X  .01  +  $225  X  .01,  or  $4.15,  is  the  amount  of  interest  due  Jan.  1, 

1913.  ($190  and  $225,  the  smallest  amounts  on  deposit  in  third  and 
fourth  quarters.) 

In  the  examples  1—5  compute  the  interest  semiannually,  on 
July  1  and  January  1,  allowing  interest  on  all  sums  that  have  been 
on  deposit  6  months  or  3  months  prior  to  the  interest  dates. 

1.  Find  the  balance  in  the  bank  July   1,  1918,  if  $250  was 
deposited  in  the  bank  July  1,  1917,  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of 
4  per  cent,  per  annum. 

2.  $470  was  deposited  in  a  savings  bank  on  June  20,   1914. 
Find  the  balance  in  the  bank  on  July  1,  1917,  if  the  rate  is  3y2 
per  cent,  per  annum. 

3.  $525  was  deposited  on  May  5,  1915.     If  the  rate  of  interest 
was  3  per  cent.,  what  was  the  balance  in  the  bank  on  January  1, 
1916? 

4.  If  $120  was  deposited  in  a  savings  bank  on  May  17,  1916, 
bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  3  per  cent,  per  annum,  what  would 
be  the  amount  of  the  principal  and  interest  on  January  1,  1918? 

5.  Find  the  balance  in  the  bank  July  1,  1918,  if  $48  is  deposited 
on  August  3,  1914,  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per 
annum. 


202  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

6.  Find  the  amount  of  the  principal  and  interest  in  the  exam- 
ples 1-5  if  the  interest  is  compounded  quarterly  on  January,!, 
April  1,  July  1,  and  October  1. 

7.  If  interest  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per  annum  is  allowed 
from  the  beginning  of  each  half  year  and  is  credited  to  the  account 
on  January  1  and  July  1,  prepare  a  statement  of  the  following 
account  to  July  1,  1918,  similar  to  that  011  page  201.     Deposited 
January  25,  1913,  $45;  deposited  March  25,  1913,  $50;  deposited 
April  6,  1913,  $20;  deposited  May  7,  1913,  $60;  deposited  July  3, 
1913,  $40;  withdrew  August  4,  1913,  $50;  deposited  September  30, 

1913,  $75;  deposited  November  1,  1913,  $30;  withdrew  January  3, 

1914,  $20;    deposited   March   3,    1914,   $45;    deposited   June   4, 
1914,  $50. 

8.  Make  a  statement  of  the  following  savings  bank  account, 
finding  the  balance  due  on  July  1,  1918:  Mrs.  Brown  had  a  balance 
of  $125  in  the  bank  on  July  1,  1916.    She  deposited  September  26, 

1916,  $60;  deposited  November  2,  1916,  $20;  deposited  January  7, 

1917,  $65;  withdrew  March   15,   1917,  $45;  deposited  April  24, 

1917,  $30;  deposited  November  4,  1917,  $15 ;  deposited  January  2, 

1918,  $25;  withdrew  April  30,  1918,  $40.    Interest  on  the  deposits 
was  4  per  cent,  per  annum  on  the  smallest  amount  on  deposit  during 
the  interest  period  of  six  months.     Interest  dates  were  January  1 
and  July  1. 

9.  Mr.  Baker  had  a  balance  in  the  bank  on  July  1,  1916,  of  $780 
He  withdrew  December  1,  1916,  $210;  deposited  January  1,  1917, 
$112;  deposited  April  7,  1917,  $90;  withdrew  May  23,  1917,  $110; 
deposited  June  18,  1917,  $174;  deposited  July  9,  1917,  $45;  with- 
drew August  23,  1917,  $80;  deposited  November  3,  1917,  $140. 
Assume  that  interest  is  computed  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per 
annum  on  all  amounts  that  have  been  on  deposit  for  6  months  or 
3  months  prior  to  the  interest  dates  of  January  1  and  July  1. 

10.  Mary  Greene  opened  a  savings  bank  account  on  January  1, 
1916,  by  depositing  $5.    Thereafter  she  deposited  $5  each  month. 
Find  the  amount  of  the  principal  and  interest  on  July  1,  1918, 
if  the  rate  of  interest  was  4  per  cent,  and  was  credited  to  her 
account  on  January  1  and  July  1  on  all  amounts  that  had  been 
on  deposit  for  six  months  or  three  months  prior  to  the  interest  dates. 

11.  Mrs.  James  wished  to  accumulate  a  fund  with  which  to  buy 
a  sewing  machine  costing  $50.    In  order  to  do  this  she  deposited  $2 


HIGHER  LIFE  203 

a  month  in  the  savings  bank,  making  the  first  deposit  on  March  1, 
1916.  What  was  her  balance  in  the  bank  at  the  end  of  25  monthly 
payments  if  the  rate  of  interest  was  4  per  cent,  and  the  interest 
was  computed  on  the  smallest  amount  in  the  bank  for  any  quarter, 
and  credited  to  her  account  on  January  1  and  July  1  ? 

12.  Mrs.  Goodwin  deposited  $10  in  the  savings  bank  each  month 
for  39  months  for  the  purpose  of  accumulating  a  fund  with  which 
to  buy  a  piano  costing  $400.    If  her  first  deposit  was  made  Novem- 
ber 1,  1914,  what  was  the  total  amount  of  interest  received  on  her 
deposits  ?    What  was  the  amount  due  her  at  the  end  of  39  months  ? 
Compute  the  interest  as  in  example  11. 

13.  Make  statements  of  the  accounts  in  examples  7,  8,  and  9, 
if  the  interest  is  allowed  from  the  first  of  each  month.    Any  with- 
drawal is  subtracted  from  the  amount  on  deposit  at  the  beginning 
of  the  6  months'  interest  period,  thus  cancelling  the  interest  that 
would   otherwise  accrue.     If  the  withdrawal   during  an  interest 
period  exceeds  the  amount  on  deposit  at  the  beginning  of  that 
period,  the  excess  is  subtracted  from  the  first  deposit  during  the 
interest  period,  in  each  case  cancelling  the  interest  as  before. 

BUILDING  AND  LOAN  ASSOCIATIONS 

A  building  and  loan  association  is  a  private  corporation  organ- 
ized for  the  purpose  of  promoting  systematic  saving  among  its 
members,  especially  with  the  idea  that  these  savings  may  be  used 
for  the  purchase  of  homes.  Provided  the  interests  of  the  members 
are  adequately  protected  by  state  laws,  such  associations  offer  reason- 
ably safe  investments. 

A  person  may  invest  money  in  a  building  and  loan  association 
by  paying  monthly  dues,  usually  of  25  cents,  50  cents,  75  cents,  or 
$1  a  month,  for  each  share  of  stock  that  he  owns.  He  then  becomes 
a  shareholder  in  the  corporation.  If  the  dues  are  $1  a  month, 
the  payment  of  $5  a  month  entitles  him  to  5  shares  of  stock. 

When  the  dues  paid  in  on  any  series  of  shares  plus  the  dividends 
earned  by1  these  dues  equals  the  face  value  of  the  shares,  then  the 
shares  are  said  to  have  matured  and  a  shareholder  may  withdraw 
an  amount  equal  to  the  face  value  of  his  shares.  The  value  of  a 
share  is  usually  $100  or  $200,  according  as  the  dues  are  50  cents 
or  $1.  Such  shares  mature  in  about  eleven  and  one-half  years. 

In  some  associations  if  a  member  is  unable  to  keep  up  his  pay- 


204  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

meiits  he  may  withdraw  an  amount  equal  to  the  total  of  the  dues  that 
he  has  paid  plus  a  reasonable  share  of  the  profits.  If  this  is  not  true, 
the  interests  of  the  investor  are  not  sufficiently  protected. 

The  funds  of  the  association  are  loaned  on  mortgages  or  other 
securities  for  a  fair  rate  of  interest,  and  earn  for  the  members  an 
average  of  5  per  cent,  to  7  per  cent,  interest  on  their  investments. 

EXERCISE  V 

Unless  otherwise  stated  consider  that  a  share  in  a  building  and 
loan  association  on  which  the  dues  are  $1  per  month  is  worth  $200 
at  maturity. 

Problem. — Part  I.  A  man  invested  $20  per  month  in  a  building  and 
loan  association  in  which  the  dues  were  $1  per  share  per  month,  and  the 
value  of  the  matured  shares  was  $200  each.  What  was  his  profit  on  the 
investment,  if  the  shares  matured  in  11  years  and  9  months? 

$20  X  12  X  11T^-  — $2820,  the  total  amount  paid  into  the  association. 

$200  X  20  =  $4000,  the  value  of  the  matured  shares. 
$4000  —  $2820  =  $1180,  the  profit  on  the  investment. 
Part  II.     If  at  the  end  of  three  years  he  had  been  unable  to  keep  up 
his  payments,  how  much  would  he  have  paid  into  the  association?     If  he 
was  entitled  to  profits  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent,  per  annum,  how  much  could 
he  withdraw  at  this  time? 

$20  X  12  X  3  =  $720,  the  sum  of  his  payments  at  the  end  of  three  years. 
The  first  payment  of  $20  would  have  been  invested  for  36  months. 
The  second  payment  of  $20  would  have  been  invested  for  35  months. 
The  last  payment  of  $20  would  have  been  invested  for  1  month. 
The  interest  on  these  payments  would  be  the  same  as  the  interest  on 
$20    for    36  +  35  +  ...  2  +  1    months.      The    series    of    numbers 
from    36    to    1    is   an    arithmetic   progression    and    its    sum   equals 
/36  -j-  1\  gg  Qr  QQQ      ^rjyj^  sum  of  the  terms  of  an  arithmetic  pro- 
gression equals  %  the  sum  of  the  first  and  last  terms  multiplied  by 
the  number  of  terms.) 
$20  X-6j-62-6-X  .04  =  $44.40,  the  interest  on  $20  for  666  months,  or  the 

interest  on  his  investment. 

$720 +  44.40  =  $764.40,  the  withdrawal  value  of  his  shares  at  the 
end  of  three  years. 

1.  Mrs.  Baxter  owned  5  shares  in  a  building  and  loan  associa- 
tion in  which  the  dues  were  $1  per  month.    The  shares  matured  in 
11  years  and  5  months.    How  much  did  she  pay  into  the  association  ? 
What  was  her  profit  on  the  investment  ? 

2.  If  Mrs.  Baxter  had  invested  her  money  in  a  savings  bank 
paying  4  per  cent,  interest,  compounded  semiannually,  what  would 
have  been  the  profit  on  her  investment  ? 

3.  Mrs.  Brown  wished  to  accumulate  a  fund  for  the  college  edu- 


HIGHER  LIFE  205 

cation  of  her  daughter  Mary.  When  Mary  was  8  years  old,  Mrs. 
Brown  bought  10  shares  in  a  building  and  loan  association  in  which 
the  dues  were  $1  per  month.  If  the  shares  matured  in  11  years  and 
9  months,  how  much  did  she  pay  into  the  association?  What  was 
her  profit  on  the  investment? 

4.  Susan  Center  saved  $2  a  month,  which  she  invested  in  shares 
in  a  building  and  loan  association  in  which  the  dues  were  50  cents 
a  month.     If  the  shares  matured  in  12  years,  what  was  her  profit 
on  the  investment  ? 

5.  If  Susan  Center  deposited  the  money  she  received  from  these 
paid-up  shares  in  a  savings  bank  paying  interest  at  the  rate  of 
4  per  cent,  per  annum,  compounded  annually,  and  then  invested 
this  interest  in  a  new  series  of  building  and  loan  shares,  what 
would  be  the  total  amount  of  her  profits  at  the  end  of  11  years  and  6 
months  when  this  series  matured? 

6.  Ethel  Baxter,  a  stenographer,  receiving  $100  a  month,  wished 
to  accumulate  a  fund.     She  bought  15  shares  in  a  series  of  build- 
ing and  loan  association  stock  in  which  the  dues  were  75  cents  per 
month  and  the  face  value  of  each  share  $100.     If  these  shares 
matured  in  9  years  and  2  months,  what  was  her  profit?     She  con- 
tinued the  investment  of  her  savings  by  taking  15  shares  in  a  new 
series  which  matured  in  9  years.     She  also  invested  the  money 
which  she  had  received  from  the  paid-up  shares  of  the  first  series 
in  bonds  paying  6  per  cent,  interest.    With  the  interest  from  these 
bonds  she  bought  shares  in  a  third  series  which  matured  in  9  years 
and  4  months.     What  did  her  savings  amount  to  at  the  end  of 
this  time? 

7.  How  much  must  you  save  each  week  in  order  to  pay  for  one 
share  in  the  building  and  loan  association  in  your  town  ?    Find  out 
in  how  many  years  the  share  is  likely  to  mature  ?    About  what  will 
your  profit  amount  to? 

8.  Sarah  Baker  received  a  legacy  of  $1000  which  she  invested  at 
6  per  cent,  interest.     How  many  shares  in  a  building  and  loan 
association  at  $1  per  share  could  she  buy  with  the  interest  on  her 
investment?     If  the  shares  matured  in  11  years  and  4  months,  what 
was  the  total  profit  on  her  investment? 

9.  Harold   Brown   owned   10   shares   in   a  building  and   loan 
association  in  which  the  dues  were  $1  per  month.     After  holding 
them  for  four  years,  he  was  taken  sick  and  riot  only  was  he  unable  to 
keep  up  the  payments  but  he  needed  the  money  to  pay  the  expense 


206  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

of  his  sickness.     If  he  was  entitled  to  profits  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent, 
per  annum,  how  much  did  he  receive  for  his  share  ? 

10.  Mrs.  Jones  owned  12  shares  in  a  building  and  loan  associa- 
tion in  which  the  dues  were  50  cents  per  month  per  share.    At  the 
end  of  6  years  she  was  unable  to  keep  up  her  payments.     If  she 
was  entitled  to  profits  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent,  per  annum,  what 
was  the  withdrawal  value  of  her  shares  ? 

11.  In  March,  1908,  Mary  Brown  purchased  10  shares  in  a  build- 
ing and  loan  association  in  which  the  dues  were  $1  per  month.     In 
September,  1916,  she  wished  to  borrow  money  from  the.  association 
to  pay  for  a  yearns  work  in  a  university.     The  cost  of  her  course 
would  be  $900  and  in  addition  to  that  she  wished  to  keep  up  her 
dues  in  the  association  and  pay  the  interest  on  her  loan.     If  the 
withdrawal  value  of  her  shares  was  reckoned  as  the  sum  of  her  pay- 
ments plus  interest  at  5  per  cent,  per  annum  and  she  was  entitled 
to  a  loan  of  90  per  cent,  of  the  withdrawal  value  of  her  shares, 
what  amount  could  she  borrow?     Would  this  cover  the  expenses 
of  the  year,  if  the  money  was  loaned  at  6  per  cent,  per  annum? 
How  much  did  she  pay  per  month  in  dues  and  interest  after  the 
loan  was   made?    .How  much   did   she   receive   when  her   shares 
matured  at  the  end  of   11  years  and  4  months  if  the  matured 
shares  were  used  to  cancel  her  loan  ? 

STOCKS' 

A  group  of  persons,  organized  under  the  laws  of  the  state  to  do 
business  as  a  single  individual  is  called  a  corporation.  If  three 
men,  for  example,  have  $20,000,  $30,000  and  $100,000  which  they 
wish  to  invest  in  some  business  which  requires  a  capital  of  $200,000, 
they  may  find  others  who  will  furnish  the  additional  capital  required 
and  form  a  corporation  under  the  laws  of  the  state  to  carry  on  the 
business.  Then  e'ach  man  receives  certificates  of  stock  and  becomes 
a  stockholder  in  the  corporation.  The  usual  value  of  a  share  of 
stock  is  $100,  though  shares  may  have  various  values.  In  the  exam- 
ple given  above,  the  first  man  would  receive  200  shares  of  stock 
and  the  second  man  300  shares,  etc. 

The  earnings  of  the  company  after  deductions  are  made  for  a 
surplus  fund,  a  sinking  fund,  etc.,  are  divided  among  the  stock- 
holders. These  earnings  are  called  dividends.  If  a  dividend  of 
3  per  cent,  is  declared  each  stockholder  receives  $3  for  each  share 
of  stock  that  he  owns,  provided,  of  course,  that  the  par  value,  of -a 
share  is  $100. 


HIGHER  LIFE  207 

Companies  issue  two  kinds  of  stock,  common  stock  and  preferred 
stock.  Preferred  stock  carries  with  it  a.  guaranty  to  pay  a  specified 
dividend  provided  that  the  earnings  of  the  company  are  sufficient  to 
pay  this  dividend.  The  earnings  that  remain  after  these  dividends 
are  paid  are  divided  proportionally  among  the  common  stockholders. 
For  example,  a  man  might  hold  5  shares  of  preferred  stock  on  which 
the  rate  is  8  per  cent.,  and  5  shares  of  common  stock.  If  the  par 
value  of  each  share  is  $100,  he  would  receive  $40  on  the  preferred 
stock  provided  there  are  sufficient  earnings  made  by  the  company. 
On  the  common  stock  he  might  receive  nothing  or  he  might  receive 
$20,  $40,  or  $50,  according  as  the  dividends  were  4  per  cent.,  8  per 
cent.,  or  10  per  cent.  It  will  be  easily  seen  that  the  preferred  stock 
is  the  safer  investment,  but  not  necessarily  the  more  profitable. 

The  par  value  of  a  share  of  stock  is  the  value  stated  on  the 
certificate  of  stock.  The  market  value  is  the  price  for  which  the 
stock  can  be  sold.  Daily  newspapers  give  the  market  prices  of  the 
leading  stocks.  The.se  prices  are  quoted  as  so  many  dollars  on  a 
hundred.  For  example,  Eeading  stock,  the  par  value  of  which  is 
$50  a  share,  is  quoted  at  94.  This  means  that  a  share  is  worth 
94  per  cent,  of  $50,  or  $47.  The  market  value  of  stock  depends  upon 
many  factors,  of  which  the  most  important  is  ths  earnings  of  the  com- 
pany issuing  the  stock.  Because  of  the  fluctuation  in  their  market 
value  and  the  lack  of  guaranty  of  dividends,  as  well  as  for  other 
reasons,  stocks  are  not  to  be  recommended  for  the  small  investor. 

Quotations  for  Stocks,  June  30,  1918 

Am.  Can.  pf 94% 

Am.  Ice  pf 50 

Anaconda  Copper    68 

C.  R.  I.  &  P.  pf 75% 

Chi.,  Mil.  &  St.  P.  pf 74% 

D.  L.  &  W 164i/2 

Gen.  Motors  pf 81% 

Great  Northern  pf 90% 

Louis,  and  Nash 1 16% 

Pac.  T.  &  T.  pf 90 

Pittsburg  Coal  53 

Reading   92% 

Union  Pacific   122 

United  Drug  1st  pf 49% 

U.  S.  Rubber 59% 

U.  S.  Smelt.,  Ref.  &  M 44% 

U.  S.   Steel  pf 108y8 

Wells  Fargo  Exp 75 

Western,  Union  Tel 92 


208  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Stocks  are  usually  purchased  from  a  broker  who  charges  %  per 
cent,  of  the  par  value  of  the  stocks  as  a  commission  either  for  the 
purchase  or  selling  of  the  stocks. 

EXEECISE    VI 

Problem. — Find  the  cost  of  25  shares  of  U.  S.  Steel,  pf.,  including 
brokerage  at  the  usual  rate.  The  quarterly  dividends  are  1%  per  cent. 
What  is  the  rate  of  interest  per  annum  on  the  investment? 

$108%  +  $y8  =$10834,  the  cost  of  one  share. 
25  X  $108*4  =  .*2706.25,  the  cost  of  the  25  shares. 

4  X  $1%  —  $7,  the  income  of  one  share  for  one  year. 
$7  _i_  $10814  —  .065,  or  6.5  per  cent.,  the  rate  of  interest  per  annum  on 
the  investment. 

In  the  following  problems  use  the  quotations  given  in  the  pre- 
vious list  and  consider  the  par  value  of  one  share  of  stock  as  $100, 
unless  otherwise  stated. 

Find  the  cost  of  the  following,  including  brokerage  at  the  usual 
rate: 

1.  125  Am.  Can.  pf  -6.  235  Reading  (par  $50) 

2.  75  D.  L.  &  W.  7.  140  Union  Pacific 

3.  150  Louis.  &  Nash.  8.     35  .U.  S.  Rubber 

4.  20  Pac.  T.  &  T.  pf  9.     75  U.  S.  Smelt.,  Ref.  &  M. 

5.  235  Pittsburg  Coal.  10.     55  Western  Union  Tel. 

11.  Find  the  cost  of  115  shares  of  Anaconda  Copper.     If  the 
dividends  for  the  year  are  $8  per  share,  what  is  the  rate  of  interest 
on  the  investment  ? 

12.  Find  the  cost  of  50  shares  of  Wells  Fargo  Exp.  stock.     If 
quarterly  dividends  of  iy2  per  cent,  are  declared,  what  is  the 
income  on  the  investment  ?    What  is  the  rate  of  interest  per  annum  ? 

13.  Which  is  the  better  investment,  General  Motors,  pf,  with 
annual  dividends  of  6  per  cent.,  or  Great  Northern,  pf,  with  quar- 
terly dividends  of  1%  per  cent.  ?    What  is  the  rate  of  interest  per 
annum  on  each  investment? 

14.  Find  the  cost  of  25  shares  of  American  Ice,  pf,  with  broker- 
age at  the  usual  rate.    It  pays  a  quarterly  dividend  of  l1/^  per  cent. 
What  is  the  rate  of  interest  on  the  investment  ? 

15.  A  man  sold  25  shares  of  C.  R.  I.  &  P.  preferred  stock, 
paying  3i/>  per  cent,  semi-annual  dividends,  and  invested  the  pro- 
ceeds in  C.  M.  &  St.  P.  preferred  stock  paying  8  per  cent,  annual 
dividends.    Was  his  income  increased  or  decreased?    Allowing  for 


HIGHER  LIFE  209 

brokerage,  vfhat  did  he  receive  for  the  shares  that  he  sold  and  what 
did  he  pay  for  the  C.  M.  &  St.  P.  stock? 

16.  A  man  withdraws  from  the  savings  bank,  paying  4  per  cent, 
interest,  enough  money  to  pay  for  10  shares  of  6  per  cent,  stock  at 
110.    What  will  be  the  increase  in  his  income  ? 

17.  Find  the  cost  of  55  shares  of  United  Drug  1st  pf.  stock. 
What  is  the  rate  of  interest  per  annum  on  the  investment  if  it  pays 
871/2  cents  per  quarter  on  each  share  ? 

18.  A  family  that  owned  15  shares  of  IT.  S.  Steel  preferred 
stock,  paying  1%  per  cent,  dividends,  quarterly,  invested  the  divi- 
dends in  Building  and  Loan  shares  costing  $1  per  month.     How 
many  shares  could  they  buy?     What  was  the  total  profit  on  the 
investment  at  the  end  of  11  years  when  the  shares  matured? 

BONDS 

A  government,  a  corporation,  or  even  an  individual,  wishing 
to  borrow  money  may  issue  bonds,  which  are  promises  to  pay  the 
amount  borrowed  at  a  time  specified  in  the  bond  with  interest 
at  a  fixed  rate  payable  at  stated  intervals.  Government  bonds  have 
back  of  them  as  security  the  wealth  of  the  country,  while  cor- 
poration bonds  are  usually  secured  by  mortgages  on  the  property  of 
the  corporation. 

Bonds  are  issued  by  the  United  States  to  provide  funds  for 
unusual  expenses  of  the  government,  to  build  public  waterways  and 
public  works  of  all  sorts,  and  to  equip  the  army  and  navy.  Bonds 
are  issued  by  cities,  towns  and  villages  to  provide  for  civic  improve- 
ments. They  are  also  issued  by  public  utility,  railroad,  and  indus- 
trial corporations.  Individuals,  wishing  to  borrow  money  to  pay 
for  real  estate,  give  bonds  secured  by  mortgage  on  the  real  estate. 

Bonds  are  known  by  the  names  of  the  government  or  corpora- 
tion issuing  them,  the  rate  of  interest  they  bear,  and  the  date  of 
maturity.  For  example,  N".  Y.  City  4's,  1959,  are  bonds  issued 
by  the  government  of  the  city  of  New  York,  bearing  4  per  cent, 
interest,  and  due  in  1959. 

Bonds,  being  secured  by  property,  are  one  of  the  safest  means 
of  investing  money.  In.  buying  bonds  one  should  carefully  con- 
sider the  security  back  of  them  and  the  length  of  time  before  they 
mature.  Bonds  are  redeemable  at  face  value  at  maturity  unless 
otherwise  specified.  Hence  in  buying  bonds  the  date  of  maturity  is  a 
14 


210  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

factor  in  determining!  the  per  cent,  of  interest  on  the  investment. 
On  January  1,  1916,  a  man  might  pay  $1100  for  a  bond  for  which 
he  would  receive  only  $1000  at  maturity.  If  the  date  of  maturity 
was  January  1,  1918,  and  the  rate  of  interest  was  5  per  cent.,  then 
the  interest  on  the  bond  for  the  two  years  before  maturity  was  $100 
and  was  exactly  equal  to  the  loss  in  value  of  the  bond.  The  rate 
of  interest  on  the  investment  was  practically  nil.  Banks  use  bond 
tables  to  determine  the  actual  rate  of  interest  on  an  investment  in 
bonds,  but  these  tables  are  too  complicated  for  insertion  here.  In 
the  following  problems  the  rate  of  interest  on  the  investment  will 
be  computed  without  regard  to  the  date  of  maturity  of  the  bond. 
If  the  bonds  are  bought  when  they  are  above  par  then  the  rate  of 
interest  computed  by  this  method  will  be  too  high;  if  bought  when 
they  are  below  par,  too  low. 

In  buying  bonds  accrued  interest  is  usually  charged.  For  exam- 
ple, on  April  1,  a  man  wishes  to  buy  a  $1000  bond  with  interest  at 
4  per  cent.,  payable  semi-annually  January  1  and  July  1.  If  the 
bond  is  quoted  at  92,  he  must  pay  $920  for  the  bond  itself.  The 
accrued  interest  is  the  interest  on  $1000  from  January  1  to  April  1 
at  4  per  cent,  or  $10.  Hence  the  total  cost  of  the  bond  on  April  1 
is  $930. 

Bonds  usually  have  a  par  value  of  $1000,  although  some  bonds 
have  a  par  value  of  $500  or  $100.  The  U.  S.  Liberty  bonds  are 
issued  in  denominations  of  $50,  $100,  $500,  $1000,  $10,000,  $50,000, 
and  $100,000,  in  order  to  attract  the  small  as  well  as  the  large  inves- 
tor. The  market  value  of  bonds  is  quoted  in  the  newspapers  as  so 
many  dollars  on  a  hundred.  For  example,  a  $1000  bond  quoted  at  72 
would  sell  at  72  per  cent,  of  $1000  or  $720. 

EXERCISE  VII 

Problem. — Find  the  cost  of  $3000  Northern  Pacific  4's  quoted  at  79% 
and  bought  March  12,  if  the  interest  dates,  are  June  1  and  Dec.  1.  What 
is  the  annual  income  on  the  investment?  What  is  the  rate  of  interest 
per  annum  on  the  investment? 

79%  per  cent,  of  $3000  =  $2385,  the  cost  of  the  shares  without  accrued 

interest. 

From!  Dec.  1  to  March  12  is  3  months  and  11  days. 
Interest  on  $3000  at  4  per  cent,  for  3  mo.  11  days  is  $33.67. 

$2385  +  $33.67  =$2418.67,  the  total  amount  paid  for  the 

bonds. 

4  per  cent,  of  $3000  =  $120,  the  annual  income. 

4  per  cent.  -±-  79  V2  per  cent.  =  .05,  or  5  per  cent.,  the  rate  of  interest  per 

annum  on  the  investment. 


HIGHER  LIFE  211 

In  the  following  problems  figure  the  brokerage  at  the  usual 
rate  of  %  per  cent,  of  the  par  value  of  the  bonds.  Consider  the  par 
value  of  a  bond  as  $1000,  except  in  the  case  of  U.  S.  Liberty  bonds 
or  when  otherwise  stated. 

1.  Find  the  cost  of  $5000  U.  S.  Liberty  41/4's  quoted  at  96.7. 
What  is  the  rate  of  interest  per  annum  on  the  investment? 

2.  Find  the  cost,  including  accrued  interest,  of  $15,000   So. 
Pacific  Railroad  4's,  bought  May  23,  if  the  interest  dates  are  July  1 
and  January   1,  and  the  bonds  are  quoted  at  78.     What  is  the 
annual  income  from  the  investment  ? 

3.  Find  the  cost  of  $7000  Adams  Express  4's,  including  broker- 
age and  accrued  interest,  bought  July  12,  if  the  interest  dates  are 
March  1  and  September  1,  and  the  bonds  are  quoted  at  66%. 

4.  A  man  sells  30  shares  of  4  per  cent.  Norf .  &  Wash,  preferred 
stock  at  77  and  buys  U.  S.  Liberty  414's  at  par.    Does  he  increase 
or  decrease  his  income? 

5.  Mabel  Little  invested  in  15  shares  in  a  building  and  loan 
association  in  which  the  shares  have  a  par  value  of  $200.     When 
the  shares  matured  she  invested  in  Public  Service  Corp.  5's  which 
were  quoted  at  80,  and  she  then  invested  the  surplus  which  remained 
after  this  investment  in  U.  S.  Liberty  4*4 's  at  par.     What  is  the 
income  from  her  bonds? 

6.  Mrs.  Brown  received  from  the  settlement  of  her  husband's 
estate  $12,000  which  she  invested  in  K  Y.  Central  6's  quoted  at 
941/4.     How  much  did  the  bonds  cost  her  including  brokerage  at 
the  usual  rate  ?    What  is  her  annual  income  from  the  investment  ? 

7.  Mrs.  Jones  deposits  $200  a  year  for  5  years  in  a  savings  bank 
which  pays  4  per  cent,  interest  annually.     She  withdraws  part  of 
these  savings  and  invests  them  in  two  mortgages  a  $400  mortgage 
with  interest  at  6  per  cent,  and  a  $600  mortgage  with  interest  at 
5  per  cent.     What  remains  in  the  bank?     What  income  does  she 
receive  from  her  investments  ? 

8.  How  many  shares  in  a  building  and  loan  association  at  $1 
per  month  per  share  could  Mrs.  Jones  buy  with  the  income  from 
her*  investments?    When  the  shares  matured  ($200  matured  value 
per  share),  what  would  be  the  total  value  of  her  investments? 

9.  A  country  school  teacher  found  that  she  could  save  $150  a 
year.    For  three  years  she  invested  this  money  in  a  savings  bank, 
which  paid  3y2  per  cent,  interest  annually.    Then  she  decided  to 


212  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

buy  £1/2  per  cent,  bonds  of  the  Federal  Farm  Loan  which  were 
well  secured  by  farm  mortgages  and  also  had  the  advantage  of 
being  issued  in  small  denominations  of  $25,  $50,  and  $100.  How 
much  could  she  invest  in  bonds?  If  she  continued  to  invest  in 
bonds,  what  income  was  she  receiving  from  her  investment  at  the 
end  of  5  more  years  ? 

10.  Margaret  Jones,  age  8,  had  a  legacy  of  $700  left  her  in 
April,  1918.     This  her  father  invested  in  4*4  per  cent.  Liberty 
Bonds,  payable  in  1928,  which  were  being  issued  at  that  time. 
What  was  the  yearly  income  on  the  investment  ?     What  would  be  the 
total  amount  of  interest  received  if  the  bonds  were  kept  until  the 
date  of  maturity  ? 

11.  How  many  $200-shares  in  a  building  and  loan  association 
in  which  the  dues  were  $1  per  month  per  share  could  be  purchased 
with  the  annual  interest  from  these  bonds? 

12.  The   series   in  the  building   and  loan   association   opened 
August  15.     If  the  interest  on  the  bonds  was  not  received  until 
September  15,  how  much  would  have  to  be  paid  for  the  shares  in  this 
series  at  that  time  to  pay  for  the  back  dues,  together  with  6  per 
cent,  average  interest  on  the  amount  of  the  dues  so  paid  in  ? 

13.  As  the  dues  in  the  association  amount  to  $12  a  year  or 
multiples  of  $12,  there  will  be  a  surplus  after  investing  the  interest 
from  the  bonds  in  the  building  and  loan  shares.     Will  this  surplus, 
which  can  be  put  in  the  savings  bank,  amount  to  enough  to  pay  the 
dues  after  the  Liberty  Bonds  mature  on  March  15,  1928,  and  the 
interest  from  them  ceases?    The  $200-shares  in  the  Building  and 
Loan  Association  will  mature   in   11   years  and   6   months  after 
August  15,  1918. 

14.  What  will  the  principal  and  interest  011  Margaret  Jones' 
legacy  of  $700  amount  to  when  the  shares  in  the  Building  and 
Loan  Association  mature,  if  the  money  invested  in  the  savings  bank 
bears  4  per  cent,  interest  compounded  annually  ? 

LIFE  INSURANCE 

If  a  man  wishes  to  be  sure  that  in  the  event  of  his  death  his 
wife  or  family  will  have  a  certain  sum  of  money  or  a  given  income 
he  may  make  a  contract  with  an  insurance  company.  The  company 
agrees  for  a  consideration  specified  in  the  contract  to  pay  this  money 
at  the  death  of  the  man  or  at  some  stated  time. 


HIGHER  LIFE  213 

The  consideration  which  the  man  pays  is  called  the  premium 
and  is  paid  in  equal  installments,  although  it  may  be  paid  in  one 
lump  sum.  These  installments  are  usually  paid  annually  or  semi- 
annually.  If  the  premium  is  payable  weekly  or  monthly,  as  is  often 
the  case  with  workingmen's  insurance,  a  higher  rate  is  charged. 

The  person  named  in  the  insurance  policy  to  receive  the  pay- 
ment upon  the  death  of  the  insured  is  called  the  beneficiary.  The 
insurance  may  be  paid  to  the  beneficiary  in  one  lump  sum  or  in 
installments  extending  over  a  period  of  time. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  policies,  but  they  may  be  classified  in 
four  groups  :  whole  life  policies,  limited  payment  life  policies,  endow- 
ment policies,  and  term  policies. 

Whole  life  policies  are  those  in  which  the  face  value  of  the  policy 
is  payable  at  death  only.  The  premiums  are  payable  annually  during 
the  life  of  the  insured. 

Limited  payment  life  policies  are  those  in  which  the  premiums 
are  payable  annually  for  a  stated  period,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the 
policy  is  paid  up  for  the  remainder  of  the  life  of  the  insured. 

Endowment  policies  provide  for  the  payment  of  the  sum  to  the 
insured  at  a  fixed  date  if  he  is  then  living.  If  he  dies  before  that 
time,  the  sum  is  paid  to  the  beneficiary  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

In  term  policies  the  premiums  are  payable  only  during  a  stated 
term  and  at  the  end  of  that  time  the  insurance  ceases.  The  insurance 
is  payable  only  in  the  event  of  the  death  during  that  term.  These 
policies  are  often  taken  out  to  cover  debts  or  some  risk.  The 
government  insurance  of  soldiers  is  of  this  nature. 

Insurance  companies  are  obliged  by  state  law  to  set  aside  a 
certain  part  of  each  premium  in  order  to  build  up  a  reserve  fund 
from  which  the  death  losses  and  maturing  policies  are  paid.  The 
amount  to  be  set  aside  is  computed  from  data  supplied  by  the  U.  8. 
mortality  tables  and  depends  on  the  average  expectation  of  life. 
These  companies  are  known  as  legal  reserve  companies  and  are 
the  only  safe  ones  in  which  to  invest.  In  all  mutual  companies  the 
insured  receives  dividends  from  the  earnings  of  the  company, 
which  may  be  used  to  reduce  his  annual  premium.  If  payments  are 
discontinued,  the  insured  does  not  lose  the  total  amount  of  his 
investment. 

The  following  table  shows  the  annual  premium  charged  for  $1000 
of  insurance  on  different  kinds  of  policies  and  for  different  ages  of 


214 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


the  insured  by  one  insurance  company.  The  younger  a  man  is  when 
he  takes  out  a  policy,  the  lower  is  the  rate  because  his  expectation 
of  life  is  longer.  Policies  are  usually  issued  in  sums  of  $1000  or 
multiples  of  $1000. 


Whole  Life  and  Limited-Payment  Life  Policies 

Endowment  Policies 

Annual  premiums  per  $1000 

Annual  premiums  per  $1000 

Age 

nearest 

Yrru«l  — 

10 

15 

20 

T>n  «r 

25 

T>n,, 

birthday 

Policy  payable  in 

w  nole 
Life 

Pay- 
ment 

Pay- 
ment 

Pay- 
ment 

Pay- 
ment 

Life 

Life 

Life 

Life 

15 

20 

25 

years 

years 

years 

$14.83 

$36.62 

$27.08 

$22.43 

$19.90 

20 

$57.83 

$41.52 

$32.07 

15.15 

37.20 

27.52 

22.80 

20.23 

21 

57.88 

41.58 

32.14 

15.49 

37.80 

27.97 

23.18 

20.57 

22 

57.94 

41.64 

32.21 

15.85 

38.42 

28.44 

23.57 

20.93 

23 

57.99 

41.71 

32.29 

16.22 

39.07 

28.92 

23.98 

21.30 

24 

58.05 

41.78 

32.38 

16.61 

39.74 

29.43 

24.41 

21.68 

25 

58.12 

41.86 

32.47 

17.03 

40.44 

29.95 

24.85 

22.09 

26 

58.19 

41.94 

32.57 

17.46 

41.16 

30.50 

25.31 

22.51 

27 

58.26 

42.03 

32.68 

17.92 

41.91 

31.06 

25.79 

22.94 

28 

58.34 

42.12 

32.80 

18.40 

42.69 

31.65 

26.29 

23.40 

29 

58.43 

42.23 

32.94 

18.91 

43.50 

32.26 

26.81 

23.88 

30 

58.52 

42.35 

33.08 

19.44 

44.34 

32.89 

27.35 

24.38 

31 

58.62 

42.47 

33.24 

20.01 

45.20 

33.55 

27.91 

24.90 

32 

58.74 

42.61 

33.42 

'20.61 

46.11 

34.24 

28.50 

25.45 

33 

58.86 

42.76 

33.62 

21.23 

47.04 

34.95 

29.12 

26.03 

34 

58.99 

32.93 

33.83 

21.90 

48.01 

35.70 

29.76 

26.63 

35 

59.13 

43.12 

34.07 

22.60 

49.02 

36.47 

30.43 

27.27 

36 

59.29 

43.32 

34.34 

23.35 

50.06 

37.28 

31.14 

27.93 

37 

59.47 

43.55 

34.64 

24.13 

51.15 

38.12 

31.88 

28.64 

38 

59.67 

43.81 

34.97 

24.97 

52.27 

38.99 

32.65 

29.38 

39 

59.88 

44.09 

35.34 

25.85 

53.44 

39.91 

33.46 

30.17 

40 

60.13 

44.41 

35.75 

EXERCISE  VIII 

Problem. — Find  the  annual  cost  of  $5000  of  insurance  taken  out  at  the 
age  of  35  for  each  one  of  the  following  policies:  (1)  Whole  life;  (2)  10- 
payment  life;  and  (3)  20-year  endowment.  If  the  man  dies  at  the  age 
of  50,  how  much  would  he  have  paid  into  the  company1  on  each  one  of  these 
three  policies? 

(1)   In  the  column  entitled  Whole  Life  Policy,  opposite  the   age  oi 
35,  we  find  $21.90,  the  annual  premium  for  $1000  of  insurance. 

5  X  $21.90  =  $109. 50,    the    annual    premium    for    $5000 

whole  life  policy. 
50  years — 35   years  =  15  years,  the  length  of  time  the  policies  aro 

in  force  if  the  man  dies  at  the  age  of  50. 
15  X  $109.50  =  $1642.50,  the, amount  paid  in  15  years  on  a 
whole  life  policy. 


HIGHER  LIFE  \  215 

(2)  $48.01  is  the  annual  premium  for  $1000  ten-payment  life  policy. 

5  X  $48.01  =  $240.50,  the  annual  premium  for  $5000  ten- 
payment  life  policy. 

10  X  240.50  =  2045,  the  total  amount  paid  on  a  ten  pay- 
ment life  policy. 

(3)  $43.12  is  the  annual  premium  for  $1000  twenty -year  endowment 

policy. 

5  X  $43.12  =$2 15.60,    the    annual    premium    for    $5000 

twenty-year  endowment  policy. 
15X215.60=  3234,   the  amount  paid  in   15  years  on  a 

twenty-year  endowment  policy. 

In  the  event  of  his  death  at  the  age  of  50,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  whole 
life  policy  would  be  the  cheapest  of  the  three. 

If  he  died  at  the  age  of  70,  the  total  payments!  would  have  been  as 
follows:  on  the  whole  life  policy,  $3832.50;  on  the  ten-payment  life  policy, 
$2405;  on  the  twenty-year  endowment)  policy,  $4312.  At  the  age  of  55  he 
would  have  received  $5000  on  the  endowment  policy.  On  the  other  two  policies 
$5000  would  be  'paid  to  the  beneficiary  at  the  death  of  the  insured. 

1.  When  John  James  married  at  the  age  of  24,  he  realized  that 
he  must  in  some  way  provide  for  the  support  of  his  wife  and  family 
in  case  of  his  death.    So  he  took  out  a  whole  life  policy  for  $10,000 
with  his  wife  as  beneficiary.    At  the  age  of  65  he  died.    How  much 
had  he  paid  into  the  company?     His  wife  invested  the  insurance 
received  at  his  death  in  bonds  paying  4%  per  cent,  interest  on  the 
investment.    What  is  her  annual  income  from  this  source  ? 

2.  Mrs.  Burdick  was  left  a  widow  at  the  age  of  30.     She  had 
two  children,  2  years  and  3  years  old.    In  order  to  provide  for  them 
in  case  of  her  death,  she  took  out  a  15-year  endowment  policy  for 
$5000,  planning  to  use  the  money  for  their  education  in  case  she 
lived  to  receive  it.     How  much  did  she  pay  for  the  insurance,  if 
she  died  at  the  age  of  42?     How  much  more  did  the  children 
receive  than  she  had  paid  into  the  company? 

3.  Mr.  Jackson,  a  glass-blower,  realizing  that  his  earning  capac- 
ity would  be  lessened  after  the  age  of  50,  decided  to  take  out  a 
25-payment  life  policy.     If  he  took  it  out  at  the  age  of  23,  how 
much  did  he  pay  annually  for  $3000  of  insurance  ?    If  he  died  at  the 
age  of  56,  how  much  had  he  paid  into  the  company?     If  he  had 
invested  this  money  at  4  per  cent.,  compound  interest,  what  would 
it  have  amounted  to  at  the  time  of  his  death  ? 

4.  The  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor 
in  New  York  City  gives  $15  a  week  as  the  minimum  income  on 
which  a  widow  and  two  children  can  maintain  a  normal  living 


216  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

standard.  If  the  payment  of  $1000  of  insurance  to  the  beneficiary 
is  made  in  installments  instead  of  in  one  sum,  it  will  provide  a 
monthly  income  of  $5.70  for  a  period  of  20  years.  What  amount 
of  insurance  would  be  necessary  to  provide  a  widow  and  her  family 
with  an  income  of  $15  per  week?  What  would  this  cost  per  year  if 
the  insured  were  33  years  old  when  he  took  out  his  policy  ? 

5.  If  the  widow  mentioned  in  example  5  preferred  to  receive  the 
insurance   in   one   sum   instead   of   in   monthly   installments   and 
invested  this  sum  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent.,  what  would  be  her 
monthly  income  from  this  source?     How  much  would  she  have  to 
earn  per  week  to  keep  the  family  income  up  to  the  minimum  ?    If 
she  could  earn  this  amount,  of  what  advantage  would  it  be  to  her 
to  have  the  insurance  in  one  sum? 

6.  A  man  wishes  to  provide  an  income  of  $1000  for  his  family, 
in  case  of  his  death.    At  the  age  of  35  he  insures  his  life  for  $8000, 
taking  out  a  whole  life  policy.     One  thousand  dollars  of  insurance 
will  provide  a  monthly  income  of  $5.00  or  more  for  his  wife  during 
her  lifetime,  the  exact  amount  depending  upon  her  age  when  he 
dies.     He  takes  out  30  shares  in  a  buijding  and  loan  association 
in  which  the  shares  are  $1  per  month  per  share.    If  he  lives  until 
after  these  shares  mature,  and  can  invest  the  amount  received  from 
them  so  that  it  will  yield  interest  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent,  per 
annum,  what  will  be  the  assured  income  of  the  family  at  his  death  ? 
How  much  does  the  man  pay  per  year  for  his  shares  and  insurance 
during  the  period  of  his  investment  in   the   building  and  loan 
association  ? 

7.  Mary  Brown,  who  is  20  years  old,  wishes  to  go  to  college. 
In  order  to  do  this  she  is  obliged  to  borrow  $1000  from  her  brother, 
expecting  to  pay  it  back  after  she  finishes  her  4  years'  course.     In 
order  that  her  debt  may  be  paid  in  the  event  of  her  death  she 
takes  out  an  endowment  insurance  policy  for  $1000  with  her  brother 
as  beneficiary.    At  the  end  of  5  years  after  graduation  she  succeeds 
in  paying  her  debt  but  decides  to  continue  her  insurance.    At  what 
age  will  her  payments  on  the  policy  end  ?     How  much  will  she 
have  paid  into  the  company?    What  would  you  advise  her  to  do 
with  her  insurance  money  if  she  is  in  good  health  at  this  time  ?    If 
Mary  had  died  at  the  age  of  23,  how  much  more  would  her  brother 
have  received  than  she  had  paid  into  the  company? 


HIGHER  LIFE  217 

8.  Mr.  Jones  wishes  to  provide  for  setting  his  son  up  in  business. 
When  Fred  is  5  years  old  and  Mr.  Jones  is  34,  he  takes  out  a  15-year 
endowment  policy  for  $2000.    What  does  he  pay  in  premiums  if  he 
lives  until  Fred  is  20  years  old  ? 

9.  Mr.  Smith  decides  to  provide  $2000  for  his  son  Harry,  who  is 
the  same  age  as  Fred  Jones,  by  investing  in  building  and  loan  shares 
at  $1  per  month  per  share.    If  these  shares  mature  in  11  years  and 
7  months,  how  much  does  Mr.  Smith  pay  into  the  association  in 
dues  ?    Which  one  of  the  fathers  has  made  the  more  profitable  invest- 
ment?   What  are  the  advantages  of  each  kind  of  investment? 

10.  Mr.  Johnson,  who  is  51  years  old,  is  buying  a  farm  on  the 
installment  plan.    Since  he  wishes  to  provide  for  the  completion  of 
the  payments  in  case  of  his  death,  he  takes  out  an  insurance  policy 
covering  the  mortgage  on  the  farm  which  is  $3000.     The  annual 
premium  for  $1000  is  $26.17.     If  he  dies  at  the  age  of  55,  how 
much  has  he  paid  on  his  policy  ?    How  much  more  than  this  does  his 
family  receive  ? 

11.  Would  you  advise  a  husband  to  put  all  his  savings  into 
insurance?     Give  reasons  for  your  answer. 

12.  If  you  have  no  one  dependent  on  you  in  any  way  for  support 
and  no  unsecured  debts,  would  you  invest  in  life  insurance  ? 

13.  Under  what   conditions  would  you  advise   an  unmarried 
woman  to  invest  in  life  insurance? 

14.  A  soldier  in  the  United  States  Army  was  encouraged  to  take 
out  government  insurance  for  the  period  of  the  war  and  5  years  there- 
after, paying  a  gradually  increasing  premium  instead  of  the  usual 
flat  rate.     During  the  continuance  of  the  policy  the  soldier  pays 
the  premium  specified  for  his  age  regardless  of  the  age  at  which  he 
first  took  out  the  policy.    The  rates  are  as  follows : 

Age  Monthly  Premiums 

20  $.64 

21  .65 

22  .65 

23  .65 

24  .66 

25  .66 

26  .67 


218  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

During  the  first  4  years  of  the  continuance  of  his  policy,  how  much 
will  a  soldier  pay  in  premiums  for  $5000  of  insurance,  if  he  takes 
out  the  policy  when  he  is  22  years  old  ? 

15.  A  soldier  31  years  old  takes  out  government  insurance,  pay- 
ing a  monthly  premium  of  70  cents  for  the  first  year,  71  cents  for  the 
second  year,  72  cents  for  the  third  year  and  so  on  for  5  years.    Com- 
pare the  cost  to  the  soldier  of  a  $10,000  government  policy  for  5 
years  with  the  cost  to  a  civilian  of  a  five-year  convertible  term  policy 
in  a  commercial  company  at  an  annual  premium  of  $8.84,  if  the 
policies  are  taken  out  when  each  of  the  insured  is  31  years  old.    In  the 
government  insurance  the  United  States  Government  assumes  the 
burden  of  the  extra  losses  due  to  war  for  which  the  commercial 
company  would  have  to  charge  an  additional  premium. 

16.  In  case  of  death  the  insurance  is  payable  to  the  beneficiary 
in  monthly  installments  of  $5.75  for  each  $1000  of  insurance  until 
240  monthly  payments  have  been  paid.     For  how  many  years  will 
the  monthly  installments  continue  ?    What  will  be  the  total  amount 
received  in  installments  on  a  $6000  policy  ? 

ANNUITIES 

A  person  wishing  to  provide  a  stated  income  for  life,  either  for 
himself  or  for  another,  may  do  so  by  paying  to  the  insurance  com- 
pany a  certain  sum  of  money.  For  example,  a  man  at  the  age 
of  50,  desiring  an  annual  income  of  $1000  for  the  rest  of  his  life, 
can  obtain  it  by  paying  $13,516.50  to  the  insurance  company.  This 
sum  of  $1000  paid  annually  by  the  insurance  company  is  called  an 
annuity.  The  annuity  rates  for  women  are  higher  than  the  rates 
for  men  of  the  same  age  because  the  tables  of  mortality  statistics  of 
annuitants  indicate  that  women  annuitants  live  longer  than  men. 

EXERCISE  IX 

1.  At  the  age  of  62  a  farmer  sold  his  farm  for  $8000  and  moved 
into  town.     He  invested  this  money  in  an  annuity.     If  $1000  will 
buy  an  annuity  of  $96.64  at  his  age,  what  was  his  income  from  this 
source  ? 

2.  John  Little,  a  bookkeeper,  finds  at  the  age  of  70  that  he 
can  no  longer  continue  his  work.    He  has  saved  $5000.    How  large 
an  annuity  can  he  buy,   if   $1000  will  purchase   an   annuity  of 
$137.97? 


HIGHER  LIFE  219 

3.  A  widower  wished  to  provide  an  annual  income  of  $650  for 
his  daughter  who  had  come  home  to  keep  house  for  him.     How  much 
would  he  have  to  pay  if  the  rate  at  her  age  was  $1785.65  per  $100 
of  annuity  ? 

4.  Mr.  Brown  has  an  invalid  daughter  25  years  old  for  whom 
he  wishes  to  provide  a  yearly  income  of  $500.     The  rate  for  an 
annuity  at  her  age  is  $2093.39  per  $100.     What  will  Mr.  Brown 
have  to  pay  for  an  annuity  which  will  provide  the  desired  income  ? 
How  much  money  would  he  have  to  invest  in  bonds  paying  6  per 
cent,  interest  to  provide  the  same  income? 

5.  Mary  O'Donnell,  a  saleswoman  65  years  of  age,  having  sav- 
ings amounting  to  $10,000,  desires  to  retire  from  business.     How 
much  would  she  have  to  pay  for  an  $800  annuity  if  the  rate  for  her 
age  is  $998.87  per  $100.    If  she  invests  the  remainder  of  her  sav- 
ings in  the  savings  bank,  paying  4  per  cent,  interest,  what  will  be 
her  annual  income? 

6.  Josephine  Cook,  a  teacher,  wishes  to  retire  when  she  becomes 
60  years  old.     How  much  ought  she  to  save  in  order  to  provide 
for  the  cost  of  a  $1200  annuity  at  that  time,  if  the  rate  for  a  woman, 
60  years  old  is  $1174.60  per  $100? 

7.  Mrs.  Allen  was  left  a  widow  at  the  age  of  65,  at  which  time 
she  received  $13,000  from  her  husband's  life  insurance  policies. 
She  decided  to  invest  $8000  of  it  in  an  annuity  and  the  remainder 
in  bonds  paying  5  per  cent,  interest.     If  $1000  will  buy  an  annuity 
of  $100.11,  what  was  her  annual  income  from  these  investments? 
What  is  the  advantage  in  not  investing  it  all  in  an  annuity  ? 

BUYING  A  HOME 

In  order  to  buy  a  home  it  is  not  necessary  to  pay  for  it  in 
cash.  Various  methods  have  been  devised  to  aid  those  who  wish  to 
purchase  property.  The  purchaser  may  borrow  the  money  if  he  has 
securities ;  he  may  pay  cash  for  part  of  the  amount  and  borrow  the 
balance  on  a  mortgage  on  the  property  purchased ;  or  he  may  pay  on 
the  installment  plan. 

In  order  to  borrow  money  *»  man  must  have  securities  at  least 
equal  in  value  to  the  amount  of  money  he  wishes  to  borrow.  The 
usual  method  of  borrowing  money  for  the  purchase  of  property  is 
by  means  of  a  mortgage.  According  to  this  method,  the  purchaser 


220  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

pays  a  certain  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  property  in  cash  and 
borrows  the  remainder,  offering  the  property  as  security.  If  he 
fails  to  pay  the  interest  within  the  specified  time  the  property  may 
be  sold  to  pay  the  debt. 

If  the  purchaser  wishes  to  borrow  an  amount  greater  than  50 
per  cent,  or  60  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  property,  he  may  some- 
times secure  a  second  mortgage  for  part  of  the  balance,  but  he 
will  have  to  pay  a  higher  rate  of  interest  because  in  case  the  prop- 
erty has  to  be  sold  to  pay  the  debt,  the  claims  of  the  person  holding 
the  first  mortgage  are  satisfied  first. 

The  borrower  can  usually  arrange  to  pay  off  part  of  the  mort- 
gage, if  he  is  able  to  do  so,  by  making  payments  of  part  of  the  prin- 
cipal in  addition  to  the  interest.  If  he  wishes  to  pay  equal  install- 
ments at  stated  intervals,  a  part  of  each  installment  is  used  to  pay 
the  interest  and  the  remainder  is  applied  in  reducing  the  principal  of 
the  loan.  This  process  is  called  amortization  of  the  mortgage  or 
"killing  off  "  the  mortgage.  Buying  on  the  installment  plan  is  a 
common  application  of  this  method.  The  Federal  Government  has 
endorsed  the  method  by  adopting  it  in  the  Federal  Farm  Loan  plan 
for  helping  farmers  to  buy  their  farms.  Eeal  estate  companies  fre- 
quently adopt  this  method  of  selling  property,  but  they  usually 
charge  a  high  rate  of  interest.  Many  large  corporations  are  encour- 
aging their  employees  to  purchase  homes  on  the  installment  plan  at 
a  comparatively  low  rate  of  interest  in  order  to  induce  the  men 
to  remain  in  their  employ.  Experiments  in  cooperative  buying  are 
being  made  which  indicate  that  the  rate  of  interest  can  be  kept  low  if 
the  stockholders  are  not  only  house-owners  but  owners  and  directors 
of  the  company,  sharing  in  its  protection  and  benefits. 

One  of  the  most  successful  methods  of  buying  homes  on  the 
installment  plan  is  the  plan  adopted  by  the  building  and  loan  asso- 
ciations. The  purchaser  pays  cash  for  part  of  the  property  and 
takes  out  shares  in  the  association  whose  face  value  is  equivalent 
to  the  remainder  due.  He  can  then  borrow  from  the  association 
to  the  full  amount  of  his  shares  and  pay  for  his  property,  provided 
that  he  gives  the  association  a  mortgage  secured  by  this  property. 
For  example,  a  man  wishes  to  borrow  $2000  to  complete  paying 
for  a  house  and  lot.  He  takes  out  10  shares  in  a  building  associa- 
tion each  with  a  par  value  of  $200,  payable  at  $1  per  share  per 


HIGHER  LIFE  221 

month,  and  borrows  from  them  $2000,  giving  them,  a  mortgage  on 
his  property.  He  then  pays  interest  on  this  loan  and  dues  in  the 
association  until  the  shares  mature.  At  that  time  his  loan  will 
be  cancelled  by  the  value  of  his  matured  shares,  and  his  property  will 
be  free  of  debt. 

Purchasers  should  find  out  the  rate  of  interest  they  may  have 
to  pay  before  incurring  debts.  They  should  also  reserve  the  privi- 
lege of  reducing  their  debts  either  through  occasional  payments  or 
through  regular  installments. 

THE  RELATION  BETWEEN  INCOME  AND  THE  VALUE  OF  A  HOME 
EXERCISE   X 

1.  A  real  estate  man  when  asked  how  much  a  family  could  afford 
to  invest  in  a  home  responded  that  the  value  of  the  home  should 
be  not  more  than  twice  the  annual  income.    Show  that  this  agrees 
with  the  budget  allowance  of  20  per  cent,  of  the  income  for  rent, 
provided  10  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  property  owned  is  allowed 
for  interest  on  the  investment,  insurance,  repairs,  and  depreciation. 

2.  A  family  has  been  paying  $24  a  month  for  rent.    How  expen- 
sive a  house  can  they  afford  to  purchase? 

3.  A  family  has  an  income  of  $1800  from  the  father's  salary 
and  in  addition  to  this  the  interest  on  a  $1000  bond  at  4%  per  cent. 
How  much  can  they  afford  to  invest  in  a  home? 

4.  A  family  having  a  $2000  income  wish  to  purchase  a  house  and 
lot.    How  much  can  they  afford  to  invest  in  this  property  ?    They 
plan  to  buy  it  on  the  installment  plan,  paying  $550  a  year,  which 
is  to  cover  the  interest  on  the  loan  necessary  to  purchase  the  house, 
also  the  insurance,  taxes,  and  upkeep,  the  remainder  to  be  applied  on 
the  principal  of  the  loan.     Under  what  budget  headings  will  you 
classify   this   expenditure,   and   how   much   will   you   put  under 
each  heading? 

5.  How  much  can  a  family  having  an  income  of  $1500  from  the 
father's  wages  and  $200  from  the  mother's  wages  afford  to  invest 
in  a  home?    If  they  can  save  $75  a  year  to  invest  in  the  home  in 
addition  to  the  budget  allowance  for  rent,  what  can  they  afford 
to  pay  each  year  to  cover  all  the  expenses  of  shelter  and  a  payment  on 
the  principal? 


222  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

BORROWING  MONEY  TO  PAY  FOR  THE  HOME 

The  following  table  shows  the  amount  of  the  annual  payment 
to  be  made  to  cover  both  interest  and  an  installment  sufficient  to  pay 
off  the  principal  of  $1000  in  the  time  stated,  and  at  the  rate  of  inter- 
est stated.  Thus  $129.50  a  year  will  pay  off  a  $1000  loan  in  10 
years,  if  the  rate  is  5  per  cent. ;  the  payment  must  be  $135.87  if  the 
rate  is  6  per  cent. 

Amortization  Table  for  $1000  Loan,  Repayable  in  Equal 
Yearly  Installments  2 

Amount  of  Annual 
Payment  Including 

Interest  at 

Term  (years)                          5%                             5Yz%  6% 

10     $129.50                   $132.67  $135.87 

15     96.34                        99.63  102.96 

20    80.24                        83.68  87.18 

25 70.95                       74.55  78.23 

30     65.05                        68.81  72.65 

35    61.07                       64.97  68.97 

40     58.28                        62.32  66.46 

EXERCISE   XI 

Problem. — A  family  bought  a  house  and  lot  costing  $4000  from  a  real 
estate  company.  They  paid  $2000  in  cash.  For  the  remainder  they  gave 
a  mortgage  to  the  real  estate  company,  reserving  the  privilege  of  paying  off 
the  mortgage  in  yearly  installments.  They  decided  that  they  could  afford 
to  pay  $150  a  year,  part  of  which  was  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  mortgage 
at  6  per  cent,  and  the  remainder  to  apply  on  the  principal.  What  remained 
to  be  paid  at  the  end  of  3  years? 

6  per  cent,  of  $2000  =  $120,  the  interest  on  the  principal  for  the  first 

year. 
$150  -  $120  =  $30,  the  amount  to  be  applied  on  reducing  the 

principal  the  first  year. 

$2000 -$30  =$1970,  the  new  principal  for  the  second  year. 
6  per  cent,  of  $1970  =  $118.20,  the  interest  for  the  second  year. 

$150  -  $118.20  =  $31.80,  the  amount  to  be  applied  in  reducing  the 

principal  the  second  year. 

$1970 -$31.80=  $1938.20,  the  new  principal  for  the  third  year. 
Similarly  the  interest  and  the  amount  to  be  applied  on  the  principal 
may  be  found  for  the  third  year.  The  result  may  be  arranged  in 
a  table  as  below. 


1st     year 

Annual 
Payment 

$150 

Interest  on 
Balance 

$120.00 

Payment  on 
Principal 

$30.00 

Principal 
Unpaid 
$2000.00 
$1970.00 

2nd    year   .  . 
3rd    year   .  . 

......      150      . 
150 

118.20 
116.28 

31.80 
33.72 

1938.20 
1904.48 

9  Farm  Loan  Primer,  p.  10.     Circular  No.  5.     Treasury  Department. 
Federal  Farm  Loan  Board.    March  1,  1917, 


HIGHER  LIFE  223 

Problem. — A  farmer  wishing  to  purchase  a  farm  joined  a  Federal 
Farm  Loan  Association  in  order  that  he  might  get  a  loan  of  $3500  from 
a  Federal  Land  Bank.  As  security  for  the  loan  he  gave  a  mortgage  bearing 
5y%  per  cent,  interest.  How  much  must  he  pay  each  year  in  order  to  amortize 
the  loan  in  35  years  ?  What  will  be  the  total  amount  of  the  interest  paid 
during  35  years?  If  at  the  end  of  5  years  he  finds  he  can  pay  off  the 
mortgage,  how  much  would  remain  to  be  paid? 

From  the  amortization  table, 

$64.97  is  the  annual  payment  required  to  amortize  a  $1000  loan  at  5% 

per  cent,  in  35  years. 
$3500  -:-  $1000  =  3%,  the  number  of  $1000  units  in  the  loan. 

3i/>  X  $64.97  =  $227.40,  the  annual  payment. 

35  X  $227.40  =  $7959,  the  total  of  the  35  payments. 

$7959  -  $3500  =  $4459,  the  total  amount  of  the  interest  paid  during  35 
years. 

Using  the  method  of  the  preceding  problem  to  find  out  how  much  of 
the  principal  remains  to  be  paid  at  the  end  of  five  years,  the  following 
results  are  obtained; 

Annual  Interest  on          Payment  on  Principal 

Payment  Balance  Principal  Unpaid 

$3500.00 

'    1st      year $227.40             $192.50  $34.90             $3465.10 

2nd    year   227.4,0               190.58  36.82               3428.28 

3rd     year   227.40               188.56  38.84               3389.44 

4th     year    .....      227.40                186.42  40.98               3348.46 

5th     year   227.40               184.17  43.23               3305.23 

$3305.23  remain  to  be  paid  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  year. 

1.  Mr.  Jackson's  home  was  burned.    It  was  valued  at  $4500  and 
insured  for  80  per  cent,  of  its  value.    The  building  company  agreed 
to  erect  a  new  house  for  him  valued  at  $4800.     He  was  to  pay  in 
cash  the  amount  received  from  the  insurance  company  and  for  the 
remainder  he  was  to  give  the  company  a  mortgage  with  interest  at 
5%  per  cent.    What  was  the  yearly  interest  on  this  mortgage  ? 

2.  If  the  mortgage  was  payable  in  full  at  the  end  of  10  years, 
how  much  did  he  pay  to  the  building  company  for  the  use  of  the 
money  ? 

3.  Mrs.  Brown  buys  an  8-room  house  for  $3500.    She  pays  cash 
for  60  per  cent,  of  the  cost  and  gives  a  mortgage  with  interest  at 
6  per  cent,  for  the  remainder,  reserving  the  privilege  of  paying  off 
the  mortgage  in  yearly  installments.    She  allows  20  per  cent,  of  her 
income  of  $1800  for  shelter.    Taxes,  insurance,  repairs,  etc.  amount 
to  $100  a  year.    Does  this  leave  anything  to  apply  on  the  principal 
of  the  loan  ?    She  finds,  however,  that  in  addition  to  this  amount 
she  can  save  annually  for  this  purpose  5  per  cent,  of  her  income. 
What  will  she  pay  for  interest  during  the  first  three  years  if  she 
reduces  the  principal  each  year? 


224  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

4.  A  man  bought  a  house  and  lot  for  which  he  paid  the  housing 
company  on  the  following  terms :  Cash,  20  per  cent,  of  the  selling 
price;  first  mortgage  bearing  interest  at  5  per  cent.,  50  per  cent, 
of  the  selling  price;  second  mortgage  bearing  interest  at  5!/2  Per 
cent.,  30  per  cent,  of  the  selling  price.    The  second  mortgage  was 
payable  in  10  semiannual  installments  plus  the  interest.    The  cost 
of  the  house  was  $4200.    How  much  did  he  pay  the  first  two  years  in 
interest  and  principal  ?     How  much  do  you  think  that  he  could 
afford  to  pay  annually  on  the  principal  of  the  first  mortgage  after 
the  second  was  paid  off? 

5.  A  man  bought  a  house  and  lot  for  $5000,  paying  cash,  but 
the  house  was  in  poor  repair  and  he  had  to  pay  $500  in  order  to  put 
it  into  suitable  condition  for  his  family.     To  pay  for  the  repairs 
he  was  obliged  to  give  a  mortgage  on  the  property  for  $500,  bearing 
interest  at  6  per  cent.    He  allowed  this  to  run  for  20  years.     How 
much  interest  did  he  pay  in  that  time?     If  he  had  paid  the  loan 
in  20  equal  installments  at  6  per  cent,  on  the  amortization  plan,  by 
how  much  would  he  have  reduced  the  interest  ? 

6.  A  farmer  decides  to  buy  a  farm  and  pay  for  it  according  to 
the  plan  proposed  by  the  Farm  Loan  Board.     He  can  borrow  from 
the  bank  according  to  this  plan  50  per  cent,  of  the  appraised  value 
of  the  land  plus  20  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  insured  improve- 
ments.   If  his  land  is  valued  at  $15,000  and  the  improvements  at 
$5000,  how  much  can  he  borrow  ? 

7.  If  the  farmer  mentioned  in  example  6  borrows .  to  the  full 
amount  that  he  is  allowed,  and  plans  to  amortize  the  loan  in  35 
years,  what  will  he  pay  each  year  ?    Show  how  much  of  the  amount 
paid  in  the  first  three  years  applies  on  paying  off  the  principal. 

8.  A  farmer  wishing  to  install  on  his  farm  an  electric  lighting 
plant,  borrows  $300  from  a  Federal  Land  Bank.    He  mortgages  the 
farm  according  to  the  farm  loan  plan.     How  much  interest  at 
5y2  per  cent,  does  he  pay  on  an  average  each  year  if  he  pays  off 
the  mortgage  in  ten  years?     Compare  this  with  a  $300  mortgage 
bearing  the  same  rate  of  interest  and  with  the  principal  payable  at 
the  end  of  10  years. 

9.  A  man  took  out  a  mortgage  on  his  farm  August  31,  1894, 
for  $300  at  10  per  cent.     After  8  years  $100  was  applied  on  the 
principal,  and  the  rate  of  interest  was  changed  to  8  per  cent.    The 
mortgage  was  cancelled  by  his  widow  December  27,  1917.    Compute 


HIGHER  LIFE  225 

the  amount  of  interest  that  had  been  paid.  On  the  amortization 
plan  with  interest  at  6  per  cent.,  what  would  have  been  the  total 
amount  of  interest  if  they  had  amortized  the  principal  in  25  years  ? 
How  much  less  would  they  have  paid  by  this  plan  ? 

10.  A  farmer  found  that  the  expenses  connected  with  obtaining 
a  loan  of  $1200  from  a  Federal  Land  Bank  were  $15  in  fees  and 
$65  for  extra  work  on  the  abstract  of  the  title  which  was  required 
by  the  bank  making  the  loan.    Find  the  total  cost  of  his  loan  if  he 
paid  it  off  in  35  annual  installments. 

11.  A  family  wishes  to  install  a  water  system  in  their  country 
home  costing  $500,  for  which  a  mortgage  is  taken  out  on  the  property 
with  interest  at  5l/2  per  cent.    How  much  does  the  loan  cost  them 
if  they  amortize  it  in  20  years,  and  if  the  cost  of  clearing  the  title 
together  with  the  other  expenses  of  the  loan  amounts  to  $50  ? 

12.  Mr.  Burdick  found  that  he  could  purchase  an  8-room  house 
valued  at  $3200  on  which  there  was  a  6  per  cent,  mortgage  of  $1400. 
How  much  did  he  pay  in  cash  ?    How  much  would  he  have  to  save 
each  year  to  amortize  the  mortgage  in  25  years1? 

13.  If  after  5  years  Mr.  Burdick  finds  that  he  can  pay  the 
remainder  of  the  principal,  how  much  will  he  have  to  pay?    (This 
privilege  of  paying  off  the  loan  at  any  time  after  five  years  have 
elapsed  is  granted  according  to  the  federal  loan  system.) 

EXERCISE   XII 

Problem. — A  man  buys  a  house  costing  $5000,  paying  $3000  in  cash. 
He  borrows  the  remainder  from  a  building  and  loan  association,  giving 
them  a  mortgage  with  interest  at  6  per  cent,  and  takes  out  $200-shares 
to  the  amount  of  his  loan.  What  must  he  pay  each  month  into  the 
association  to  cover  interest  on  his  loan  and  dues  which  are  $1  per  month 
per  share?  How  much  does  he  pay  for  his  loan  if  the  shares  mature  in 
11  years  and  6  months  and  his  loan  is  cancelled  at  that  time? 

$5000  -  $3000  =  $2000,  the  amount  of  his  loan. 

$2000  -f-  $200  =10,  the  number  of  shares  of  stock  required 

to  cover  his  loan. 

10  X  $1  =  $10,  dues  paid  per  month  for  10  shares. 
&X  .06  X  $2000  =  $10,  the  interest  paid  per  month  on  $2000. 
11    years   6    months  =138  months. 

138  X  $20  =  $2760,  the  total  amount  paid  into  the  association. 
$2760  -  $2000  =  $760,  the  cost  of  the  loan. 
15 


226  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

1.  John  James  is  a  bank  clerk  earning  $30  per  week.     When 
he  married  he  had  saved  $700  and  his  wife  had  saved  $200.    They 
invested  their  savings  in  a  lot  costing  $300  and  a  house  costing 
$2800.     In  order  that  they  might  borrow  an  amount  sufficient 
to  pay  for  the  property  they  decided  to  buy  shares  in  a  building  and 
loan  association.     In  return  for  the  loan  the  association  accepted 
a  mortgage  on  the  property  bearing  interest  at  6  per  cent.     How 
much  must  they  pay  into  the  association  each  month  to  pay  the 
interest  on  this  debt  and  to  keep  up  their  dues.    If  the  series  should 
mature  in  11  years  arid  5  months,  how  much  will  they  have  paid 
for  the  use  of  the  money  ?     How  much  must  they  set  aside  each 
week  ?    Under  what  budget  heading  would  you  include  the  interest 
on  the  mortgage  ?    The  dues  in  the  association  ? 

2.  A  young  married   couple   decide  that  they  would   like  to 
have  a  home.     Although  their  income  is  only  $1500  a  year,  they 
find  by  careful  planning  that  they  can,  save  $10  a  month.     This 
they  invest  in  10  shares  in  the  building  and  loan  association  with 
the  idea  that  they  will  purchase  a  home  when  the  shares  mature. 
At  the  end  of  11  years  and  4  months  when  the  series  matures,  they 
buy  a  house  costing  $3000  and  pay  for  it  in  part  with  the  money 
received  from  the  matured  shares.     In  order  to  pay  for  the  house 
it  is  necessary  for  them  to  borrow  the  remainder  of  the  money. 
They  borrow  it  at  6  per  cent,  interest  from  a  building  and  loan 
association  and  take  out  shares  in  a  new  series  to  cover  their  loan. 
How  much  do  they  pay  into  the  association  each  month  if  the  dues 
are  $1  per  month  ?    How  much  of  this  is  investment  ?    How  would 
you  classify  the  remainder?     How  much  do  they  pay  for  the  use 
of  the  money  if  the  series  matured  in  11  years  and  7  months  and 
their  shares  are  then  used  to  cancel  their  loan  ? 

3.  A  workman's  cottage  was  built  by  a  company  at  a  cost  of 
$1500.     The   lot   with   improvements   cost   $500.      The   company 
expects  5  per  cent,  interest  on  their  investment  and  they  charge 
$25   a  year  for  taxes  and  improvements.    How  much,  must  the 
workman  pay  each  year,  according  to  the  plan  of  amortization  in 
order  to  own  the  property  at  the  end  of  30  years? 

4.  In  order  to  secure  the  workman's  family  against  loss,  the 
company  advises  him  to  insure  his  life  for  the  value  of  the  property. 


HIGHER  LIFE  227 

How  much  premium  will  he  have  to  pay  for  a  whole  life  policy  if  he 
is  28  years  old?     (See  table  on  p.  214.) 

5.  The  workman  dies  when  he  is  33  years  old.     How  much 
will  his  widow  receive  from  the  insurance  company  ?    What  amount 
will  remain  after  she  has  paid  the  balance  due  on  the  property? 
What  would  you  advise  her  to  do  with  this  ? 

6.  A  patternmaker  earning  $27  a  week  decides  to  buy  one  of  the 
houses  offered  for  sale  by  the  company  in  whose  employ  he  is  work- 
ing.   The  price  of  the  property  is  $2250,  to  be  paid  for  in  monthly 
installments.     For  the  first  5  years  the   monthly  installment  is 
$20.48 ;  for  the  next  7  years,  $13.25 ;  and  for  the  last  3  years,  $6.91. 
In  addition  to  these  payments  he  estimates  that  he  will  have  to 
pay  for  insurance,  taxes,  repairs,  etc.  3  per  cent,  of  the  value  of 
the  property.    At  the  end  of  15  years,  how  much  will  the  property 
have  cost?    What  will  be  his  average  annual  payment?    He  could 
rent  the  same  house  for  $18.88  per  month.     How  much  would  he 
have  paid  for  rent  during  the  same  period  ? 

7.  In  order  that  his  family  may  not  lose  the  property  in  case 
of  his  death,  he  decides  to  take  out  a  life  insurance  policy.     How 
much  insurance  should  the  patternmaker  take   out  ?     What  will 
be  his  annual  premium,  if  he  is  26  years  old  ?    Forty-five  years  old  ? 
(See  table  on  p.  214.) 

8.  If  he  should  die  after  he  had  made  8  annual  payments  on 
his  house,  how  much  would  remain  to  be  paid  ?    How  much  would 
his  widow  receive  from  the  insurance  company  ?    What  would  you 
advise  her  to  do  with  the  balance  after  paying  for  the  house  ? 

9.  James  Sullivan,  an  employee  of  the  Goodyear  Rubber  Co., 
decides  to  buy  one  of  the  company's  houses.    The  lot  costs  $75 ;  the 
charge  for  improvements  including  grading,  sewers,  water,  etc.  is 
$165.    The  cost  of  the  house  is  $1744.    According  to  the  plan,  the 
monthly  payments  for  the  first  5  years  are  1.1  per  cent,  of  the  cost; 
for  the  next  7  years,  .65  per  cent,  of  the  cost ;  and  for  the  last  3  years, 
.4  per  cent,  of  the  cost.    How  much  must  Mr.  Sullivan  set  aside  each 
month  to  meet  these  additional  obligations?     What  is  the  total 
amount  paid  in  15  years  ?    What  is  the  yearly  average  ?    If  his  wages 
average  $44  per  week  during  this  period,  what  should  be  the  average 
budget  allowance  for  shelter  ?    How  much  does  he  invest  each  year 
in  addition  to  the  budget  allowance  for  shelter  ? 


228  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

BORROWING  MONEY  ON  NOTES 

A  person  sometimes  finds  it  necessary  to  borrow  money  for  a 
short  period  of  time.  If  he  has  security  for  the  amount  he  wishes  to 
borrow,  he  can  borrow  it  at  a  bank.  He  then  makes  out  a  paper 
promising  to  repay  the  money  on  demand  or  at  a  specified  time. 
This  paper  is  called  a  promissory  note  or  simply  a  note.  The  note 
usually  states  the  rate  of  interest  to  be  paid,  but,  if  it  does  not,  the 
legal  rate  is  charged.  If  the  interest  is  paid  at  the  time  the  loan 
is  made  the  note  is  said  to  be  discounted,  that  is,  the  borrower 
receives  the  face  of  the  note  less  the  interest. 

Problem. — Mary  Smith  wishes  to  borrow  $100  for  3  months  to  pay  for 
a  typewriter.  She  gives  her  note  for  $100  for  3  months  with  interest  at 
5  per  cent.  It  is  discounted  at  the  bank.  How  much  does  Mary  receive 
on  the  note? 

Interest  on  $100  for  3  months  at  5  per  cent,  is  $1.25. 

$100- $1.25  =  $98.75,  the  amount  Mary  receives  on  her  note. 

The  Morris  Plan  Company  is  a  company  that  loans  small  sums 
on  notes  for  the  period  of  1  year  or  less.  The  loans  are  made  on 
the  character  and  earning  power  of  the  borrower  and  must  be  signed 
by  two  or  more  persons  who  hold  themselves  responsible  for  the 
payment  of  the  note  in  case  the  maker  of  the  note  fails  to  pay  it. 
A  charge  of  $1  is  made  on  each  $50  of  the  loan  or  part  thereof  to 
cover  the  cost  of  investigation  of  the  person  desiring  the  loan,  but 
no  fee  for  this  purpose  exceeds  $5.  Interest  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent, 
per  annum  on  the  face  value  of  the  note  is  charged  when  the  loan  is 
made.  To  repay  the  loan  the  borrower  is  obliged  to  buy  certificates 
of  the  company  on  the  weekly  installment  plan  equal  in  value  to  the 
amount  of  his  loan.  When  the  certificates  are  completely  paid  for 
they  may  be  used  in  paying  off  the  note. 

EXERCISE  XIII 

Problem. — Find  the  cost  of  a  loan  of  $150  for  1  year  made  by  the 
Morris  Plan  Company  to  Thomas  Jones.  What  amount  does  he  receive 
on  the  note? 

Amount  borrowed    . .   $150.00 

Less  interest  at  6  per  cent 9.00 

Less  investigation  charges  at  $1  per  $50.  .  .  .         3.00 

Amount  received    $138.00 

The  cost  of  the  loan  is  $12. 


HIGHER  LIFE  229 

1.  In  the  above  problem  a  loan  of  $150  for  1  year  costs  $12. 
What  rate  of  interest  did  the  borrower  actually  pay  ? 

2.  A  girl  borrowed  $900  in  order  to  complete  her  college  edu- 
cation, offering  her  shares  in  a  building  and  loan  association  as 
security  for  her  loan.     How  much  must  she  set  aside  each  month 
to  pay  the  interest  on  her  loan  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent,  per  annum  ? 
If  she  paid  her  debt  at  the  end  of  5  years,  how  much  interest  did 
she  pay? 

3.  A  man  was  out  of  work  for  three  months  because  of  sickness. 
He  was  obliged  to  borrow  $130  from  the  bank  in  order  to  pay  his 
bills.     He  gave  a  note  for  6  months  with  interest  at  the  rate  of 
51/2  per  cent,  per  annum.     How  much  did  he  receive  on  the  note 
when  it  was  discounted  at  the  bank? 

4.  A  girl  on  a  farm  wished  to  borrow  $75  to  start  a  canning 
business  at  home.   She  asked  her  father  to  indorse  her  note  and  she 
borrowed  the  money  at  the  bank  at  6  per  cent,  interest  for  3  months. 
What  did  she  receive  on  her  note  at  the  bank  ? 

5.  A  young  married  man  finds  it  necessary  to  borrow  some 
money  to  buy   the   furniture   for  his  home.      He  borrows  $200 
for  1  year  from  the  Morris  Plan  Company.     How  much  does  the 
loan  cost  him  ? 

6.  A  piano  teacher  wishes  to  buy  a  piano.     She  can  buy  it 
on  the  installment  plan,  paying  $40  down  and  $20  a  month  for 
20  months,  or  she  can  buy  it  for  $380  in  cash.     What  would 
you  advise  her  to  do,   if  she  can  borrow  the  money  at  6  per 
cent,  interest? 

7.  A  school  teachej  is  obliged  to  have  an  operation  for  appendi- 
citis costing  $125.     To  pay  for  this  operation  she  borrows  the 
money  at  the  bank  for  10  months,  paying  6  per  cent,  interest 
on  the  loan.     What  does  she  receive  on  her  note  when  it  is  dis- 
counted at  the  bank? 

8.  On  March  1st  a  farmer  borrowed  $350  in  order  to  buy  some 
farm  machinery.     He  gave  his  note  bearing  6  per  cent,  interest. 
At  the  end  of  the  first  year  he  paid  $150  on  his  note  and  the  interest. 
At  the  end  of  the  second  year,  $100  and  interest.    What  remained 
to  be  paid  at  the  end  of  the  third  year,  including  the  interest  ?    What 
was  the  total  amount  of  interest  paid  ? 


230  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

HEALTH 

Not  all  of  the  conditions  essential  to  health  can  be  controlled 
by  the  individual,  but  each  can  contribute  in  some  measure  to  his 
own  health  by  observing  the  laws  of  hygiene.  Facts  and  figures 
with  respect  to  health  furnish  an  indication  of  the  social  condition 
of  the  community.  The  number  of  births,  deaths,  and  marriages 
are  collected  and  analyzed  with  varying  degree  of  accuracy  in  all 
civilized  countries.  These  vital  statistics  may  be  stated  in  terms  of 
percentage,  but  are  usually  stated  with  reference  to  1000  persons. 

EXERCISE  XIV 

Problem. — Find  the  1918  death-rate  per  thousand  in  a  town  of  45,673 
inhabitants  where  835  deaths  occurred  during  the  year  1918. 

835-^45,673  — .0183 

That  is,  the  death-rate  is  18.3  per  thousand. 

1.  One  hundred  and  twenty-nine  deaths  occurred  in  one  year  in 
a  town  of  8653.    What  was  the  death-rate  per  1000  ?    What  per  cent, 
of  the  population  died? 

2.  Typhoid  fever,  due  to  impure  water,  caused  15  of  the  95 
deaths  in  1917  in  a  town  whose  population  numbered  3685.    What 
was  the  death-rate  per  thousand  from  all  causes?     The  death-rate 
due  to  typhoid  fever? 

3.  If  the  average  productive  value  of  a  life  is  $1700,  what  was  the 
loss  of  productive  value  in  this  town  due  to  typhoid  fever  ? 

4.  It  has  been  estimated  that  40,000  deaths  from  pneumonia 
occur  every  year  in  the  United  States.    What  is  the  estimated  loss 
to  the  country  in  productive  value? 

5.  Through  better  methods  of  controlling  diphtheria  the  death- 
rate  from  that  disease  in  Massachusetts  dropped  from  13.5  per 
1000  in  1880  to  2.4  per  1000  in  1908.     In  a  community  of  75,375 
persons,  how  great  a  saving  of  life  has  been  effected?    How  great 
a  saving  in  estimated  productive  value?     (See  example  3.) 

6.  The  death-rate  in  Massachusetts  was  19  per  1000  in  1879, 
and  it  had  dropped  to  15  in  1911.    In  a  town  whose  population  is 
43,688,  what  would  the  saving  of  life  amount  to  in  one  year? 

7.  The  death-rate  due  to  accident  in  the  registration  area  (i.e., 


HIGHER  LIFE 


231 


districts  in  which  vital  statistics  are  recorded)  in  the  United  States 
was  6.63  per  1000  in  1880  and  9.79  per  1000  in  1908.  At  these 
rates  how  many  more  deaths  from  accident  would  occur  in  a  city 
of  435,690  people  in  1908  than  in  1880. 

GRAPHIC   REPRESENTATION   OF   HEALTH    STATISTICS 

Charts  are  frequently  used  in  health  campaigns  to  make  people 
realize  the  importance  of  fresh  air,  good  food,  sunshine,  and  good 
homes.  When  the  facts  are  shown  in  oicture  form  instead  of  in 
figures  they  tell  the  story  at  a  glance. 


EXERCISE    XV 

Problem. — Show  how  the  following  facts  can  be  made  to  indicate  at 
a  glance  that  it  is  much  safer  for  a  baby  to  be  born  in  Dunedin,  New 
Zealand,  than  in  any  other  place  in  the  following  list.  The  infant  death- 
rate  in  the  United  States  in  1910  was  12.4  per  cent,  of  the  infants  born 
during  that  year;  in  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow,  1910,  28  per  cent.;  in  Dune- 
din,  1907-1912,  6  per  cent.;  in  Vienna,  1910,  17  per  cent.;  in  Berlin,  1910, 
15  per  cent.;  in  Paris,  1910,  12  per  cent.;  in  London,  1910,  10y3  per  cent.; 
in  Glasgow,  1910,  14  per  cent. 

These  statistics  are  shown  graphically  in  the  following  chart: 


<jnd  AfoscoW 
Vienna 

Berlin 


United  Stales 
Paria 

London 
Dunedin, 


Fio.  37.  —  Infant  death  rats  expressed  in  per  cent,  that  number  of  deaths  bear  to  number 

of  births. 


232  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

1.  Use  the  following  statistics  to  show  by  means  of  a  chart  that 
conditions  are  not  so  favorable  to  life  in  the  "  poorer  "  districts  of  a 
city  as  in  the  "  better  " : 

INVESTIGATION  OF  DEATH -RATE  IN  YORK,  ENGLAND 

Poorer  section   Death-rate,  27.8  per  1000 

Middle  section   Death-rate,  20.7  per  1000 

Highest  section   Death-rate,  13.5  per  1000 

2.  Use  the  following  statement  from  a  report  to  show  by  a 
graph  what  an  important  factor  sickness  is  in  causing  families 
to  require  financial  aid:  In  a  study  of  the  causes  of  destitution  it 
was  found  that  relief  was  required  in  21  per  cent,  of  the  cases 
because  of  the  illness  of  the  family  breadwinner,  in  18  per  cent,  of  the 
cases  because  of  the  illness  of  some  other  member  of  the  family. 
Miscellaneous  causes  accounted  for  the  others. 

3.  Show  by  a  chart  the  relative  number  of  workmen  who  are 
seeking  through  membership  in  organizations  such  as  labor  unions, 
industrial  benefit  funds,  etc.  to  provide  against  the  loss  of  earning 
capacity  caused  by  sickness.    The  total  number  of  workmen  in  the 
United  States  in  1907  was  estimated  to  be  approximately  30,000,000. 

SICKNESS  INSURANCE  FOR  WAGE-EARNERS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1907. 

Form  of  Organization  Number  of  Workmen  covered 

National  unions   375,000 

Local  unions    100,000 

Industrial  benefit  funds   55,000 

Establishment    funds     300,000 

Railroad  funds   300,000 

4.  Show  graphically  how  relatively  small  an  amount  of  money 
was  spent  in  the  prevention  of  disease  in  New  York  State  in  1909 
in  comparison  with  the  total  expenditures  for  other  purposes. 

Total  expenditures    $29,396,000 

Expenditures  for  the  State  Board  of  Health.  146,980 
Expenditures  for  the  protection  of  game,  fish, 

and  forests    568,595 

5.  Show  by  a  chart  the  need  for  improving  health  conditions 
as  indicated  by  the  following  analysis  of  the  reasons  for  rejecting 
men  from  the  army: 


HIGHER  LIFE  233 

ANALYSIS   OF   SOME  OF  THE  CAUSES   OF   REJECTION   OF  MEN   FROM   THE 
DEAFTED  AKMY  BETWEEN  SEPTEMBER  21  AND  DECEMBER  7,  1917. 

Cases  of  physical  rejection  considered 10,258 

Causes  of  Rejection  No.  of  Cases 

Alcoholism   79 

Physical  undevelopment   4,416 

Teeth   871 

Digestive   system    82 

Ear    609 

Eye    2,224 

Flat-foot     375 

Heart 602 

Tuberculosis     551 

Under  weight    163 

Hespiratory    161 

6.  Show  graphically  by  means  of  two  variables  that  the  death- 
rate  of  infants  under  one  year  of  age  decreases  as  the  father's 
income  increases  (see  page  25). 

MANCHESTER,  N.  H.,  STUDY  OF  INFANT  DEATH-RATES.     (U.  S.  Children's 

Bureau ) 

Rate  per  loooof 
Father's  earnings  infant  mortality 

Under  $494    261.1 

$494-$571     172.2 

$572-$675     186.3 

$676-$883     151.1 

$884-$1091     143.9 

$1092  and  over   . 58.8 

(Let  the  side  of  each  square  to  the  right  of  the  vertical  axis 
represent  $100  and  let  the  side  of  each  square  above  the  horizontal 
axis  represent  a  death-rate  of  20  per  1000.) 

7.  Show  graphically  by  means  of  two  variables  that  poverty 
with  its  attendant  evils  has  a  definite  relation  to  the  chance  a  baby 
has  of  surviving  the  first  year  of  life  in  Montclair,  New  Jersey. 
Use  the  following  data  of  the  U.   S.   Children's  Bureau.     First 
find  an  approximate  infant  mortality  rate  per  1000  by  comparing 
the  number  of  births  with  the  number  of  deaths. 

BIRTHS  AND  DEATHS  UNDER  1  YEAR,  ACCORDING  TO  TOTAL  FAMILY  INCOME 

Deaths  under 
Total  family  income  Births  I  year 

Under  $625  95  11 

$625  to  $1199    Ill  9 

$1200  and  over   .128  6 


234  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

8.  Show  that  workmen  need  to  include  in  their  budgets  an 
allowance  for  sickness,  and  'that  the  average  amount  of  sickness 
varies  according  to  the  age  of  the  worker. 

AVERAGE  LENGTH  OF  ILLNESS  AMONG  WORKERS  IN  LEIPZIG,  1856-1880 

Average  number  of  days 
Age  group  of  illness  per  year 

15-20 40.9 

20-30     50.2 

30-40     57.4 

40-50    68.6 

50-60 83.3 

60  and  over   99.2 

(The  side  of  a  square  to  the  right  of  the  vertical  axis  may  be  used 
to  represent  5  years.  The  side  of  a  square  above  the  horizontal  axis  may 
represent  5  days  of  illness.) 

9.  Show  graphically  by  means  of  two  variables  that  the  efforts 
to  stamp  out  tuberculosis  in  Massachusetts  have  met  with  some 
measure  of  success. 

DEATH-RATE  IN  MASSACHUSETTS   FROM  TUBERCULOSIS 

Year  Rate  per  1000 
1880  29.1 

1890  24.5 

1900  18.0 

1908  15.0 

HEALTH  INSURANCE 
EXERCISE  XVI 

1.  There    are   approximately   30,000,000    wage-earners    in   the 
United  States.     It  has  been  estimated  that  they  lose  an  average  of 
9  days  each  year  on  account  of  sickness.     If  the  average  wage  is 
estimated  at  $2  per  day,  and  the  average  cost  of  medical  attention 
$1  per  day,  what  is  the  total  cost  of  sickness  to  the  wage-earners? 

2.  Plans  have  been  proposed  for  government  compulsory  health 
insurance  for  all  wage-earners  whose  wages  are  less  than  a  specified 
amount.     According  to  one  plan,  the  workman  pays  25  cents  per 
week,  the  employer  20  cents,  and  the  government  5  cents.     If  dis- 
abled on  account  of  sickness  or  non-industrial  accident,  the  work- 
man receives  in  addition  to  medical  care,  an  allowance  of  $7  per 
week  for  not  more  than  26  weeks  in  one  year,  and  in  case  of  death 


HIGHER  LIFE  235 

his  family  receives  a  death  benefit  of  $100.     How  much  would 
each  workman  be  obliged  to  pay  each  year  for  health  insurance  ? 

3.  Martin  Snyder,  a  mechanic,  earning  $20  a  week,  was  out  of 
work  4  months  on  account  of  typhoid  fever.     If  the  government 
health  insurance  plan  were  in  operation,  how  much  help  would  he 
receive  during  this  time  ? 

4.  Since  Martin  Snyder  had  no  insurance  of  any  kind,  how  much 
did  his  sickness  cost  him  in  loss  of  wages,  doctor's  bill  for  10  calls 
at  $1.50  per  call,  and  medicine  amounting  to  $2.85? 

5.  He  might  have  taken  out  health  insurance  in  a  commercial 
company,  paying  an  annual  premium  of  $15.60  for  a  weekly  indem- 
nity of  $7.50  and  a  death  benefit  of  $200.     How  much  would  he 
have  received  during  his  disability  ? 

6.  Thomas  Elwell,  a  bookkeeper  on  a  salary  of  $90  a  month, 
takes  out  health  and  accident  insurance   paying  a  premium  of 
$11.40  per  year  for  a  policy  that  offers  a  weekly  indemnity  of 
$6.25  and  a  death  benefit  of  $200.     He  carried  this  policy  for 

5  years  and  then  decided  to  give  it  up.    Two  years  later  he  suffered 
a  compound!  fracture  of  one  of  his  legs!  and  was  out  of  work  for 

6  months.    What  was  the  total  cost  of  his  sickness,  if  the  doctor's 
bill  was  $85,  cost  of  the  nurse  $18,  cost  of  medicine  $6.75?    If  he 
had  continued  to  carry  insurance,  what  would  have  been  the  total 
amount  of  the  premiums  for  7  years?     The  total  amount  of  the 
indemnity  he  would  have  received  ? 

7.  Jane  Ewing,  an  orphan  entirely  dependent  upon  her  own 
resources,  was  employed  as  a  stenographer  at  $75  a  month.     She 
decided  to  take  out  a  health  and  accident  insurance  policy  which 
would  yield  $200  in  the  case  of  death,  and  a  weekly  indemnity 
of  $7.50  in  case  of  illness.    Such  a  policy  costs  $12  per  year.    She 
had  appendicitis  during  the  first  year  and  was  out  of  work  for  three 
weeks.     During  the  fifth  year  she  had  scarlet  fever  and  was  out  6 
weeks.    How  much  did  her  insurance  cost  during  the  entire  period  ? 
How  much  did  she  receive  in  indemnities  from  the  company? 

BENEFICENCE 

Every  individual  is  responsible  to  some  extent  for  securing  bet- 
ter conditions  not  only  for  himself  and  his  family  but  for  the  com- 
munity— the  state — the  world  at  large.  The  effort  to  bring  about 


236  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

better  living  conditions  means  participation  in  group  activities. 
Books  for  the  whole  community  may  be  secured  through  public 
libraries  to  which  each  pays  his  part  in  taxes;  care  for  the  sick 
may  be  secured  through  a  hospital  supported  either  by  taxation  or 
by  subscription;  relief  for  those  in  want  may  be  provided  by  indi- 
viduals, by  organizations,  or  by  public  funds. 

No  one  is  too  poor  to  take  thought  for  others  and  no  one  is 
so  rich  that  he  can  live  altogether  to  himself. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  opportunity  for  service  increases  as  the 
income  increases.  Every  one  who  has  a  larger  income  than  the  mini- 
mum amount  required  for  sustaining  life  should  include  in  his 
budget  a  definite  allowance  for  service  to  others. 

EXERCISE  XVII 

1.  Mr.  Miller's  annual  income  is  $875.     If  he  is  in  the  habit 
of  giving  a  tithe  (i.e.,  a  tenth)  to  the  Lord,  according  to  the  Old 
Testament  law,  how  much  does  he  give  each  month  ? 

2.  Mary  Morrison's  salary  was  $15  a  week.     She  pledged  10 
cents  a  week  to  the  church,  5  cents  to  Sunday  School.    She  paid  $1 
a  year  to  the  National  Child  Labor  Association,  $1  a  year  to  the 
Woman's  Suffrage  League,  $5  to  Red  Cross,  and  $2  to  the  Relief 
Association.    In  addition  to  these  pledges,  she  gave  $2  to  poor  chil- 
dren at  Christmas  time.    How  much  did  she  spend  during  the  year 
in  beneficence  ?    Each  week  ?    What  per  cent,  of  her  income  does  she 
spend  for  beneficence? 

3.  The  amount  needed  for  a  certain  church  to  meet  its  running 
expenses  and  to  support  the  various  activities  of  the  church  is 
$8000.    Instead  of  relying  upon  voluntary  offerings  it  was  decided 
to  divide  this  amount  among  the  members  who  were  self-supporting 
or  were  heads  of  families.     There  were  585  such  persons  in  the 
church.    What  is  each  one's  share  ? 

4.  It  was  proposed  that  a  better  plan  for  raising  the  $8000 
would  be  to  ask  each  to  give  according  to  his  income.     The  esti- 
mated total  income  earned  by  the  church  members  amounted  to 
$756,990.    If  $8000  is  to  be  raised,  what  would  be  the  amount  paid 
per  $100  ?    How  much  would  a  man  be  expected  to  give  to  the  church 
if  his  income  is  $1294  a  year?    $2400  a  year?    $20  a  week?    $35 
a  week? 


HIGHER  LIFE  237 

5.  A  local  committee  in  charge  of  raising  at  least  $50,000  for 
the  Eed  Cross  work  estimated  that  incomes  in  the  town  amounted 
to  approximately  $5,000,000.    If  each  person  gave  1  per  cent,  of  his 
income,  how  much  could  be  raised  ?    The  committee  estimated  that 
40  per  cent,  of  the  total  income  was  earned  by  workers  whose  incomes 
are  less  than  $1000  and  who  would  probably  not  be  able  to  give 
more  than  .5  per  cent,  of  their  incomes.     If  the  others  contribute 
1.5   per   cent,   of  their  incomes,   what  will  be  the   total  amount 
contributed  ? 

6.  It  was  estimated  that  Detroit  would  be  expected   to  con- 
tribute $7,000,000  in  1918  for  war  relief,  social  service,  and  general 
charity   purposes.     Instead  of  raising  the  money  for  each  fund 
separately,  it  was  decided  to  raise  it  all  at  one  time  through  one 
central  committee  and  apportion  it  to  the  various  organizations 
according  to  the  wishes  of  the  givers.     The  following  schedule  of 
donations  was  proposed : 

Under   $5000    2  per  cent. 

$5,000  to  $10,000     3  per  cent. 

10,000  to     20,000    4  per  cent. 

20,000  to     50,000    5  per  cent. 

50,000  to     75,000     6  per  cent. 

75,000  to  100,000  8  per  cent. 

100,000  to  200,000  10  per  cent. 

300,000  and  over  15  per  cent. 

According  to  this  table  how  much  would  a  family  with  an  annual 
income  of  $1200  be  expected  to  give  to  the  Patriotic  Fund? 
An  annual  income  of  $60,000?  Of  $25,000?  Of  $125,000? 
How  much  would  a  person  be  expected  to  give  whose  weekly  wage 
is  $18?  $25?  $40? 

EDUCATION 

The  importance  of  education  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that 
parents  are  required  by  law  to  send  their  children  to  school.  It 
is  not  possible  to  estimate  the  value  of  an  education  either  to  the 
community  or  to  the  individual  because  there  is  no  satisfactory 
way  of  measuring  mental  growth  and  power.  But  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  increased  training  frequently  results  in  increased  earnings. 

The  woman's  club  in  a  small  town  in  Tennessee  were  trying  to 
arouse  interest  in  the  need  to  improve  their  own  town.  For  this 
purpose  they  used  the  following  poster : 


238 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


EDUCATION  INCREASES 
PRODUCTIVE  POWER. 


MASSACHUSETTS  GAVE  HER  CITIZENS 
7  YEARS*  SCHOOLING 


THE  UNITED  STATES  GAVE  HER  CITIZENS 
4.4  YEARS*  SCHOOLING 

TENNESSEE  GAVE  HER  CITIZENS  3 

YEARS*  SCHOOLING 


MASSACHUSETTS  CITIZENS  PRODUCED 
PER  CAPITA  1260  PER  YEAR 

CITIZENS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  PRO- 
DUCED PER  CAPITA  £170  PER  YEAR 


TENNESSEE  CITIZENS  PRODUCED 
PER  CAPITA  *II6  PER  YEAR 


IT  PAYS  THE  STATE 
TO  EDUCATE 

FIG.  38. — Education  increases  productive  power.3 


3  Money  Value  of  an  Education.    Bulletin  No.  22,  1917.    Department  of 
the  Interior.    A.  Caswell  Ellis. 


HIGHER  LIFE  239 

EXERCISE  XVIII 

1.  Devise  a  poster  to  be  used  in  a  campaign  for  increased  trade 
and  technical  education  in  your  town,  using  the  figures  in  the  fol- 
lowing table : 

THE  VALUE  OF  AN  EDUCATION  TO  FACTORY  WORKERS 

Average  annual  earnings  of  men  employed  in  several  factories  classified 
according  to  the  education  of  the  worker. 

Technical  school  graduate  (at  32)    $2150 

Trade  school  graduate   (at  25) • 1200 

Shop  apprentice    (at  16) 510 

2.  Make  a  chart  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  desirability 
of  keeping  children  longer  in  school.     Use  the  figures  in  the  fol- 
lowing table : 

The  average  earnings  of  children  who  left  the  Brooklyn  schools 
at  14  and  of  those  who  left  at  18  are  given  for  the  period  of  7  years. 


Number  of 
years  after 
leaving 
school 
1  

Weekly  wages 
of  children 
who  left  school 
at  14 

$4.00  .  :  

Weekly  wages 
of  children 
who  left  school 
at  18 

2.           

4.50  

3  

5.00  



4  

6.00  

5.       .... 

7.00  

$10 

6 

9  50 

15 

7.  . 

.  12.75  . 

31 

3.  The  average  total  wages  received  by  a  typical  boy  in  each 
of  the  two  groups  by  the  time  he  was  25  years  old  was  $5112.50 
and   $7337.50   respectively.     What  is  the   difference   between  the 
two  totals? 

4.  The  following  table  gives  the  average  wages  received  by  young 
men  before  entering  the  Baron  de  Hirsch  School  and  when  they 
leave  after  5^  months'  training.     Find  the  per  cent,  of  increase 
in  wages  for  each  trade  and  make  a  chart  to  illustrate  the  results  : 

Average  weekly  wage    Average  weekly  wage 
Trade  before  entering  after  leaving 

All  trades    $6.00  $7.28 

Machinists 6.66  8.96 

Carpenters    6.14  9.01 

Electricians    .                        5.76  7.12 


240  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

5.  Tony's  father  was  dead  and  his  mother  was  earning  $8  a  week 
as  a  laundress.     There  were  three  younger  children.     Since  Tony 
was  14  he  planned  to  leave  school  to  go  to  work  as  a  messenger 
boy  at  $6  a  week,  a  job  which  offered  him  no  opportunity  for 
advancement.     A  scholarship  committee  offered  to  lend  him  $5  a 
week  without  interest  to  be  paid  his  mother  while  he  went  to  trade 
school  for  2  years.    At  the  end  of  two  years  he  took  a  job  at  $12.50 
a  week  with  promise  of  a  raise  of  $3  every  3  months  for  a  year. 
How  much  money  did  he  borrow?    How  much  did  he  earn  during 
the  first  year  at  work?     How  would  you  advise  him  to  repay  the 
loan? 

6.  A  girl  17  years  old  wished  to  become  a  trained  nurse.     She 
could  not  enter  the  hospital  training  course  until  she  was  20,  and  so 
she  decided  to  go  to  work  in  order  to  pay  in  part  for  her  education. 
The  only  charge  for  the  nurses'  course  was  $50  in  tuition  for  the 
first  year  in  addition  to  the  cost  of  uniforms  during  the  probationary 
period,  estimated  at  $25.    She  estimated  that  her  personal  expenses 
during  the  time  of  training  would  average  $10  per  month,  and  that 
she  would  need  to  allow  $25  each  year  for  her  month's  vacation. 
How  much  did  she  need  in  order  to  carry  out  her  plan  for  a  three 
years'  course  of  training?    If  she  saved  $75  by  the  time  she  was  20 
years  old,  how  much  did  she  have  to  borrow  to  pay  for  her  training  ? 
If  she  took  out  a  20-year  endowment  policy  for  $1000  to  provide 
for  the  payment  of  her  debt  in  case  she  should  die,  what  was  the 
annual  premium?    If  her  average  weekly  wage  for  the  three  years 
previous  to  training  was  $11.35  and  her  average  annual  wage  for 
the  first  3  years  after  training  was  $914,  how  much  did  she  gain 
a  year  by  her  additional  training  ? 

7.  How  much  would  it  cost  to  keep  a  girl  in  high  school  from 
the  time  she  is  14  until  she  is  18  years  of  age?    Estimate  the  cost 
of  board  and  room  in  her  own  home,  the  cost  of  clothes,  car  fare, 
class  dues,  books,  stationery,  and  incidentals.     Include  the  loss  of 
wages  at  $5  a  week  which  she  might  earn  during  the  first  year, 
$6.50  the  second  year,  and  $8.50  the  third  and  fourth  years. 

8.  Estimate  the  cost  of  your  own  education  in  the  last  2  years. 
Include  car  fare,  lunches,  books,  laboratory  fees,  stationery,  tuition, 
and  the  approximate  value  of  your  board  and  room.    If  you  go  to 
public  school  include  the  estimated  cost  per  pupil.    (In  Schenectady, 
N.  Y.,  the  cost  per  pupil  in  1914  was1  $49.18,  and  in  1915  it  was 
$60.62.) 


HIGHER  LIFE  241 

9.  The  O'Briens  are  determined  to  have  their  children — James, 
aged  8,  and  Anne,  aged  6 — go  to  college  as  soon  as  they  are  old 
enough.    It  will  cost  $580  a  year  apiece  for  4  years.    What  amount 
must  be  laid  aside  for  this  purpose.  If  Mr.  O'Brien  decides  to  save 
the  money  by  investing  in  Building  and  Loan  shares,  how  many 
$200-shares  at  $1  per  month  must  he  buy  ?    If,  on  the  other  hand, 
he  decides  to  invest  the  savings  for  this  purpose  in  the  savings  bank 
paying  4  per  cent,  compound  interest,  how  much  must  they  save  each 
year  in  order  to  have  the  necessary  amount  at  the  end  of  12  years? 

10.  The  estimates  for  the  cost  of  a  year  in  the  College  of  Prac- 
tical Arts,  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University,  are  as  follows: 

Low  Medium 

Items                                                            estimate  estimate 

Room,    board,   laundry    $151.25  $327.00 

College  fees -.      100.00  277.00 

Courses,  books,  supplies    .58  3.50 

Clubs    50  1.50 

Social 2.00  8.60 

Recreation     5.00  24.00 

Car  fare 2.25  9.85 

Postage    2.48  8.65 

Gifts,  religious  offerings   3.00  30.15 

Health 07  8.25 

Personal    .50  4.48 

Miscellaneous    2.00  14.90 

Clothing    57.20  195.13 

Make  a  budget  for  a  girl  in  your  own  school  who  is  going  to 
Teachers  College  with  an  allowance  of  $725  a  year  including  travel- 
ling expenses  to  New  York.  Make  a  similar  budget  for  a  girl  who 
can  spend  $600.  Make  a  clothing  budget  for  each  of  these  girls. 

'  RECKEATION 

All  work  and  no  play 
Makes  Jack  a  dull  boy. 
All  play  and  no  work 
Makes  Jack  a  ragged  shirt. 

Play  cannot  be  left  out  of  any  plan  for  right  living.  Play 
or  recreation  varies  with  the  age  and  taste  of  the  individual.  What 
is  work  for  one  is  play  for  another.  Some  kinds  of  recreation  are 
costly,  some  may  be  had  for  nothing.  But  the  daily  schedule  must 
allow  free  time  for  recreation,  and  the  family  income  is  not  adequate 
if  there  is  not  enough  money  to  provide  at  least  a  small  expenditure 
for  pleasure. 
16 


242 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


Eecreation  adds  a  zest  to  life.    It  keeps  mind  and  body  alert  and 

vigorous.  The  boy  who  does  not  play,  is  father  to  the  man  who 
loafs. 

The  following  table  gives  the  cost  and  approximate  life  of  the 

equipment  needed  for  various  sports.  The  prices  are  subject  to 
variation,  and  should  not  be  used  unless  current  local  prices  are 
not  available : 

EQUIPMENT  FOR  SPORTS 

TENNIS 

Equipment                                    Cost  Life  of  equipment 

Racket $3.00  to  $5.00  Several  years  with  care 

Balls 35  to       .55  One  season 

Net 3.50  to     7.50  Several  years 

Portable  marking  tapes ..     5.00  to     8.00  Several  years 

GOLF 

Clubs  (necessary)  : 

1  putter    $2.00  to  $3.50  Years  with  care 

1  mashie 2.00  to     3.50  Years  with  care 

1  brassie  driver 2.00  to     5.00  Years  with  care 

Bag 1.35  to  12.00  Years  with  care 

Balls       35  to     1.00  One  season  or  so 

BASEBALL 

Bat $.50  to  $1.50  Several  seasons 

Ball 

Indoor  (playground)    . .    1.50  One  or  two  seasons 

Outdoors 25  to     1.50  One  or  two  seasons 

Mit  and  gloves 50  to     5.00  Several  seasons 

VOLLEY-BALL 

Ball $3.50  to  $6.00  Several  seasons 

Net 2.25  Indefinite 

Standard  posts 18.00 

CROQUET 

In  sets  of  4  to  8.                    $3.50  to  6.50  Indefinite 

SWIMMING 

Suits    (without    skirts)  .  .$1.75  to  $5.25  Several  seasons 

Suits  (with  skirts) 2.25  to     7.00  Several  seasons 

Diving  cap 25  to       .75  One  season 

BOATING 

Canoes $40.00  up  Indefinite 

Paddles 1.50  up  Indefinite 

Rowboats   30.00  up  Indefinite 

Oars 2.00  up  Indefinite 


HIGHER  LIFE 


243 


FIELD  HOCKEY 
Equipment  Cost  Life  of  equipment 

Sticks    $2.50  to  $3.50  Indefinite 

Balls 1.00  to     2.50  Indefinite 

Field  hockey  goals can  be  made  at  home  at  nominal  cost 

Shin  guards 1.00  a  pair  (not  necessary) 

HIKING 

Packs     $1.00  up  Indefinite 

Cooking  utensils : 

Frying  pan 15  up  Indefinite 

Drinking  cup    10  up  Indefinite 

Knife  and  fork 10  up  Indefinite 

BASKET-BALL 

Basket-ball .  .$6.00  to  $8.50  Several   seasons 

Basket-ball  goals,  pair. .  .  .   5.00  to     7.50  Indefinite 

(including  nets) 

SKATING 

Skates   $2.50  up  Indefinite 

Skates,  on  shoes 5.00  up  Indefinite 

ROLLER   SKATING 

Skatea      $2.50  to  $5.00  Indefinite 

ICE  HOCKEY 

Hockey  sticks   $.50  up  Indefinite 

Pucks    50  up  Indefinite 

SNOWSHOEING 

Snowshoes $7.00  up  Indefinite 


SKIING 


Skiis $1.75  up 


Indefinite 


EXERCISE  XIX 

1.  Assuming  that  there  is  -opportunity  for  organizing  sports 
either  in  public  parks,  playgrounds,  or  on  unused  land,  estimate 
the  total  cost  of  the  equipment  for  a  group  of  10  girls  who  wish 
to  play  tennis. 

2.  A  high  school  girl  plans  to  play  tennis,  to  swim,  to  play  field 
hockey,  and  to  skate  for  the  4  years  she  is  in  school.    What  is  the 
minimum  cost  of  her  equipment,  omitting  the  cost  of  such  apparatus 
as  goal  posts,  tennis  nets,  etc.  ?    What  is  the  cost  per  year  ? 


244 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


3.  What  would  it  cost  to  buy  the  necessary  equipment  for  golf  ? 
A  girl  plays  golf  on  an  average  of  once  a  week  for  8  months  of  the 
year.  She  breaks  her  brassie  driver  and  has  to  replace  it.  She 
uses  1  dozen  balls.  What  is  the  cost  of  her  equpiment  ?  If  she  plays 


FIG.   39.- -Camp-fire  grate.* 

golf  four  years,  3  afternoons  a  week  for  7  months  of  each  year,  and 
if  she  buys  1  dozen  balls  each  year,  what  is  the  average  cost  of  her 
equipment  per  afternoon? 

4.  A  neighborhood  club  is  organized  for  outdoor  sports.    They 

4  From   the  Report   of   the  Board   of  Park   Commissioners   of   Minne- 
apolis, 1917. 


HIGHER  LIFE  245 

decide  to  purchase  during  the  first  5  years,  a  croquet  set,  a  tennis 
net,  a  volley  ball,  a  net,  and  a  set  of  standards  for  volley  ball,  field 
hockey  goals,  2  basket  balls  and  a  set  of  goals.  What  is  the  total 
cost  of  the  equipment?  If  an  outlay  of  $3  per  year  will  keep  the 
equipment  in  repair  for  5  years,  what  is  the  average  annual  budget 
for  equipment? 

5.  Make  a  plan  for  outdoor  sports  for  each  season  of  the  year 
for  a  club  of  girls  in  your  community.     Estimate  the  cost  of  the 
equipment  that  would  be  owned  by  the  club,  and  the  cost  of  the 
equipment  that  each  girl  would  need  to  buy  for  her  own  use. 

6.  Make  a  clothing  and  recreation  budget  for  one  year  for  a 
girl  who  is  going  away  to  school  where  she  will  have  opportunity 
to  participate  in  tennis,  swimming,  field  hockey,  basket  ball,  hiking, 
baseball,  and  skating.  Her  allowance  for  clothing  and  for  recreation 
is  $30  per  month. 

7.  It  was  estimated  that  in  Southern  mill-towns  in  1910  an 
income  of  $126.84  was  required  to  keep  a  boy  of  16  or  17  years 
supplied  with  the  essentials  for  living.     Of  this  amount  $7.80  was 
allowed  for  recreation.    What  per  cent,  is  this  of  the  total  amount? 
Make  a  budget  showing  how  you  would  advise  spending  this  allow- 
ance for  recreation.5 

8.  According   to   £he   same   study,   a   family    consisting   of   4 
persons  could  subsist  on  the  following  allowance :  Father,  $146.82 ; 
mother,  $117.;  girl  of  16  or  17,  $140.40;  boy  16  or  17,  $126.84. 
What  was  the  total  family  budget?    If  $7.80  was  allowed  each  for 
recreation,  what  per  cent,  of  the  family  income  was  allowed  for 
recreation  ?    Make  a  budget  showing  how  you  would  advise  spending 
the  family  allowance  for  recreation.5 

9.  A  girl  whose  monthly  allowance  was  $2.50  made  the  following 
expenditures:  Gum,  10  cents;  movies,  70  cents;  sundaes,  45  cents, 
Saturday  Evening  Post,  5  cents;  dance,  50  cents;  and  candy,  15 
cents.    What  per  cent,  of  her  allowance  did  she  spend  for  recreation  ? 
Criticize  the  items  with  reference  to  their  recreational  value.    Make 
out  an  itemized  list  of  the  expenditures  you  would  make  if  you  had 
$2.50  a  month  to  spend  for  recreation. 

10.  If  a  high  school  girl  spends  5*/2  hours  in  school,  9  hours 
sleeping,  %U2  hours  at  meals,  3  hours  studying,  1  hour  with  helping 

8  Financing  the  Wage-Earner's  Family.    Scott  Nearing.    B.  W.  Huebsch, 


246 


HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 


with  the  house  work,  1  hour  going  to  and  from  school,  how  much 
time  remains  for  recreation?  What  per  cent,  of  her  time  is  spent 
in  recreation? 

11.  A  play  census  of  the  children  in  Cleveland  was  taken  June 
23,  1913.     The  results  were  as  follows: 

WHAT  14,673  CLEVELAND  CHILDREN  WERE  DOING  ON 
JUNE  23,  1913  6 


Boys 

Girls 

Total 

A 

Where  they 

On  streets  

5,241 

2,558 

7,799 

were  seen 

In  yards  

1,583 

1,998 

3,581 

In  vacant  lots 

686 

197 

883 

In  playgrounds 

997 

872 

1  869 

In  alleys 

413 

138 

551 

R 

What    they 

Doing  nothing 

3,737 

2,234 

5,961 

were  doing 

Playing  .     .          ... 

4,601 

2,757 

7358 

Working  

719 

635 

1,354 

c 

What  games 

Baseball  

1,448 

190 

1,638 

they  were 

Kites 

482 

49 

531 

playing. 

Sand  piles  

241 

230 

471 

Tae 

100 

53 

153 

Jackstones 

68 

257 

325 

Dolls 

89 

193 

282 

Sewing 

14 

130 

144 

Housekeeping                                    .    . 

53 

191 

244 

Horse  and  wagon                           .    ... 

89 

24 

113 

Bicycle  riding                  .          

79 

13 

92 

Minding  baby  

19 

41 

60 

Reading  .  .           

17 

35 

52 

Roller  skating  

18 

29 

47 

Gardening.  .  .                             

13 

14 

27 

Caddy 

6 

0 

6 

Marbles 

2 

0 

2 

Playing  in  other  ways,  mostly  just 
fooling 

1,863 

1,308 

3,171 

Represent  Graphically : 

A.  The  relative  number  of  children  found  in  the  various  kinds 

of  places. 

B.  The  relative  number  of  children  engaged  in  the  specified 

activities. 

C.  The  relative  popularity  of  the  types  of  play  observed. 

8  Education  Through  Recreation.   George  E.  Johnson.  Cleveland  Founda- 
tion Survey  Committee,  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  New  York. 


HIGHER  LIFE  247 

12.  An  investigation  in  14  cities  shows  that  of  33,122  children, 
45  per  cent,  were  loafing  outside  of  school  because,  as  they  said, 
there  was  "  nothing  to  do."     How  many  children  in  these  cities 
were  not  gaining  the  benefit  of  play  ? 

13.  In  these  same  cities,  43  per  cent,  of  the  children  were  in  the 
streets  and  alleys,  24  per  cent,  in  private  yards,  7  per  cent,  in  vacant 
lots,  and  4  per  cent,  in  public  playgrounds ;  the  others  were  unac- 
counted for.     Find  the  number  of  children  in  each  place. 

14.  Of  23,765  children  in  schools  of  different  neighborhoods  in 
Milwaukee,  G  eveland,  Kansas  City,  Detroit,  Providence  and  other 
cities,  52  per  cent,  were  "  doing  nothing  "  outside  of  school  hours. 
How  many  children  in  these  cities  were  acquiring  the  habit  of 
loafing  ? 

15.  In  Galesburg,  a  city  of  25,000,  it  is  estimated  that  not  count- 
ing Saturday  afternoons,  Sundays  and  holidays,  and  not  considering 
the  enormous  amount  of  free  time  of  women  and  children,,  the 
average  citizen  enjoys  5  hours  of  free  time  each  day.     If  this  is 
true,  how  many  hours  are  available  for  recreation  for  all  the  citizens 
per  day  ?    Per  week  ?     Per  year  ?    Suggest  ways  in  which  the  city 
might  provide  for  the  utilization  of  this  leisure  time  in  wholesome 
recreation.    If  each  person  spent  on  an  average  of  one  cent  per  hour 
for  recreation,  how  much  money  would  be  spent  on  recreation  in 
Galesburg  per  day?    Per  year? 

16.  Make  put  a  daily  time  schedule  for  yourself.    A  weekly  time 
schedule. 

17.  The  expenditures  made  in  one  year  by  the  Minneapolis  Board 
of  Park  Commissioners  for  repairs  and  maintenance  of  the  park 
and  recreation  facilities  having  direct  relation  to  recreation  was 
as  follows: 

Recreation $22,806 

Music    15,612 

Flowers 7,761 

Winter  sports   15,898 

Picking  up  refuse •  • 2,844 

Trees  and  shrubs   9,641 

Lawn  20,676 

Illustrate  graphically  the  relative  amount  spent  for  each  of  these 
items. 


248  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

18.  It  is  estimated  that  the  total  annual  amount  of  money  spent 
in  Minneapolis  for  commercial  recreation  is  $600,000.     The  popu- 
lation is  estimated  to  be  about  400,000.    What  is  the  average  amount 
of  expenditure  per  capita? 

19.  In  the  city  of  Minneapolis  in  1918  the  cost  of  repairs  and 
maintenance  for  the  city  parks  and  recreational  facilities,  including 
school  playgrounds,  public  parks,  baths  and  public  playgrounds  was 
$322,000.    If  the  population  was  about  400,000,  what  was  the  outlay 
per  capita  ? 

20.  Find  the  average  outlay  per  capita  allowed  in  the  recreation 
budgets  in  each  of  the  following  cities,  and  illustrate  the  results 
graphically : 

City  Population  Budget 

Milwaukee 428,002  $103,000.00 

St.   Paul 241,999  8,825.00 

Philadelphia     1,683,664  138,745.46 

Oakland   190,803  132,302.94 

Detroit     554,717  299,355.00 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich 125,759  8,341.50 

Fort  Worth,  Texas   99,528  21,892.00 

Williamstown,  Mass 3,981  3,524.53 

21.  Boating  on  two  of  the   Minneapolis  lakes  cost  the  Park 
Commission  $9467  for  operation  and  repairs.     The  revenue  from 
rentals  for  row-boats,  sail-boats,  canoes,  launches,  fish  poles,  and 
bait  was  $13,613.    Find  the  net  revenue  to  the  city. 

22.  The  cost  of  operating  the  public  bath  houses  in  Minneapolis 
for  one  season  was  $13,660.     The  total  attendance  was  243,330. 
What  was  the  average  cost  per  capita  ? 

23.  If  the  total  receipts  for  bathing  amounted  to  $13,566,  what 
was  the  amount  contributed  from  the  city  funds? 

24.  The  total  tax  rate  in  Minneapolis  for  1919  was  45.91  mills. 
The  rate  for  parks  and  playgrounds  was  1.48  mills.     If  property 
was  assessed  at  approximately  $224,000,000,  what  was  the  total 
amount  raised  for  all  expenses,  -and  the  amount  raised  for  parks 
and  recreation? 

25.  The  distribution  of  each  dollar  of   the  money  raised  by 
taxation  in  Minneapolis  for  the  various  objects  of  expenditure  is 
stated  in  the  following  table.     Eepresent  graphically  the  relation 
between  the  amount  spent  for  recreation  and  for  the  other  items : 


HIGHER  LIFE  249 

Purpose  Cents 

Fire   Department ,- 4.7 

Health  Department   •  • . . 4 

Police    Department    3.1 

Street  lighting    2.0 

Garbage  collection  and  distribution    6 

Current  expenses    3.6 

Board  of  Charities  and  Correction 5.7 

Cleaning  streets    4.1 

Playgrounds  and  museums 3.2 

Library 2.0 

Pensions  and  miscellaneous 1.8 

Board  of  Education    27.7 

State  and  County  taxes •  • 19.3 

Investment,  interest,  etc 21.8 

26.  The  number  of  persons  in  a  city  per  acre  of  park  space  is 
stated  in  the  following  table.    Find  the  part  of  an  acre  available  for 
recreation    per    person    in    each    of    these    cities,    and    illustrate 
graphically : 7 

Population  per  acre  of  parks  and 
Cities  grounds  in  and  outside  city  limit 

Chicago,  111 627 

Boston,  Mass 203 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 467 

Cleveland,  Ohio   •  • 302 

Detroit,  Mich 549 

San  Francisco,  Cal 217 

Minneapolis,  Minn 116 

Denver,  Col 68 

Knoxville,    Tenn 7641 

Passaic,  N.  J 659 

Dayton,  Ohio    1391 

Milwaukee,  Wis 436 

Portland,  Ore 243 

27.  From  the  following  table  find  the  average  population  per 
acre  in  each  of  the  cities  and  show  by  means  of  a  graph  the  relative 
density  of  the  population.    What  bearing  has  this  upon  the  oppor- 
tunity for  recreation? 

POPULATION  AND  THE  AREA  OF  CERTAIN  AMERICAN  CITIES  f 

Cities  Population  Acres 

New  York,  N.  Y 5,468,190  183,555 

Chicago,  111 2,447,845  125,717 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 489,589  184,457 

Newark,  N.  J 399,000  14,858 

Jersey  City,  N.  J 299,615  8,320 

Portland,  Oregon    292,278  37,555 

Augusta,   Me 49,848  6,196 

Lincoln,  Neb 45,900  4,988 

T  General  Statistics  for  Cities,  1916.     U.  S.  Census. 


250  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

#8.  The  amounts  spent  for  public  recreation  in  the  five  largest 
cities  in  this  country  are  given  in  the  following  table.  .What  is  the 
average  expenditure  per  capita  ?  Represent  the  per  capita  expendi- 
ture graphically : 

Population 
City  City  expenditures  in  1915 

New  York    $6,148,144.00  5,468,190 

Chicago     3,879,734.00  2,447,845 

Philadelphia    2,446,201.00  1,683,664 

St.  Louis    \ 848,940.00  749,183 

Boston    1,667,466.00  746,084 

29.  During  the  war  several  cities  undertook  to  carry  on  recrea- 
tional activities  financed  by  contributions.     After  the  signing  of 
the  armistice  it  was  proposed  to  transfer  the  support  of  these  activi- 
ties to  the  city.     In  one  city  the  estimated  budget  for  recreation 
was  $8975.     If  the  property  was  assessed  at  $5,380,000,  find  the 
amount  by  which  the  tax  rate  would  have  to  be  increased  to  meet 
this  new  item. 

30.  What  tax  should  be  levied  to  raise  a  budget  of  $32,500  for 
recreation,  if  the  property  is  assessed  at  $463,000,000? 

31.  What  would  be  the  tax  rate  on  an  assessed  valuation  of 
$44,800,000  ? 

32.  What  is  the  population  of  your  own  community  ?    The  area  ? 
The  area  of  park  space  ?    The  tax  rate  ?    The  tax  rate  for  recrea- 
tion ?    The  assessed  valuation  of  the  taxable  property  ? 

33.  From  the  data  in  the  preceding  problem,  find  (a)  the  num- 
ber of  persons  per  acre  in  your  community;  (b)  the  part  of  an  acre 
of  park  space  per  person;  (c)  the  total  amount  of  the  tax  levy; 
(d)   the  total  amount  of  the  tax  levy  for  park  maintenance  an<] 
public  recreation. 

34.  Illustrate  graphically  the  comparison  between  your  com- 
munity and  the  cities  in  the  preceding  tables  with  reference  to  one 
or  more  of  the  above  items. 


APPENDIX 


APPENDIX 

SUPPLEMENTARY  WORK  IN  EQUATIONS  AND  PROPORTION 

EQUATIONS 
The  Use  of  a>  Letter  to  Represent  cu  Number  in  Solving  Problems 

IN  the  solution  of  problems  it  is  often  convenient  to  use  a 
letter  to  represent  a  number.  Thus,  if  d  were  used  to  repre- 
sent a  dozen,  or  12  units,  3d  would  represent  3  X  12  or  36  units. 
The  statement  that  three  dozens  is  equal  to  36  units  can  be  expressed 
as  follows :  3  X  d  =  36,  or  briefly,  3d  =  36. 

It  is  clear  that  there  is  a  gain  in  brevity.  But  that  is  not  all. 
Suppose  that  the  value  of  the  number  represented  by  the  letter 
m  is  not  known,  but  the  fact  is  known  that  8  times  the  number 
represented  by  m  equals  128.  This  may  be  stated 

8m  =  128 

It  is  evident  that  m  =  %  of  128  or  16. 
Proof:  8  X  16  =  128 

A  mathematical  statement  that  two  quantities  are  equal  is  called 
an  equation.  Thus  8  X  16  =  128  is  an  equation.  When  letters 
are  used  to  represent  numbers,  this  equation  would  be  stated  as 
follows :  8  X  m  =  128,  or  more  briefly  8m  =  128. 

The  quantity  on  the  left  side  of  the  equality  sign  is  called  the 
left-hand  member,  that  on  the  right  is  called  the  right-hand  mem- 
ber of  the  equation. 

An  equation  is  like  a  balance.  Scales  balance  when  the  weights 
on  the  two  arms  are  exactly  equal.  The  scales  will  still  balance  if 
we  add  the  same  weights  to  both  sides,  subtract  the  same  weights 
from  both  sides,  double,  treble,  etc.,  the  weights  on  both  sides,  halve, 
trisect,  quarter,  etc.,  the  weights  on  both  sides. 

Stated  mathematically,  the  operations  that  can  be  performed 
on  an  equation  without  changing  the  balance,  are  given  in  the  fol- 
lowing axioms : 

253 


254  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

(a)  Equals  may  be  added  to  both  members  of  an  equation  with- 
out destroying  the  equality. 

(b)  Equals  may  be  subtracted  from  both  members  of  an  equation 
without  destroying  the  equality. 

(c)  Both  sides  of  an  equation  may  be  multiplied  by  the  same 
number  without  destroying  the  equality. 

(d)  Both  sides  of  an  equation  may  be  divided  by  the  same  num- 
ber without  destroying  the  equality. 

EXERCISE  I 
Problem. — Seven  times  a  certain  number  is  63.     Find  the  number. 

Let  x  =  the  required  number. 
Then  7a?  =  63. 
Divide  both  members  of  the  equation  by  7. 

Then   x  =  9,    the    required   number. 
Proof:     7X9  =  63. 

Find  the  value  of  the  number  represented  by  the  letter  in  each 
of  the  following  equations,  and  prove  your  answer : 

1.  Ix  =  42  6.     118  =  4n 

2.  11*1  =  198  7.       73=  7x 

3.  492  =  4y  8.  114  ==  2x 

4.  16z  =  80  9.  29x  =  597 

5.  15a>  =  75  10.       3x  =  2 

EXERCISE    II 
Problem:  Solve  for  n 

n  =  5_ 
6  ~~  2 

Multiplying  botli  members  by  12,  the  lowest  common  multiple  of  the 
denominators  and  canceling, 

2n  6 

V2n  =  5_     12 

6    ~2  ' 
2  n=30 
n=  15.  Ans. 


APPENDIX  255 

Find  the  value  of  the  number  represented  by  the  letter  in  each 
of  the  following  equations,  and  prove  your  answer  : 

1.     10  _  n  5.      _3_  _  n 

3   ~  6  14        7 

2"    TO  =  I)  6'      "  =  3  (Multiply  by,,) 

3-  JL  ==  !L  7'    128  _ 
6  ~~  12  n 

4-  ±  '  =  JL  8' 

36 

RATIO  AND  PROPORTION 

The  relation  between  two  numbers  found  by  dividing  one  by 
the  other  is  called  the  ratio  between  the  numbers.  Thus  the  ratio 
between  6  and  8  found  by  division  is  6-^8  or  %  ;  that  is,  the 
ratio  between  6  and  8  is  %.  The  ratio  between  6  and  8  may  be 
written  in  either  of  two  ways  :  3:4  (read  3  divided  by  4),  or  %. 

The  statement  of  the  equality  of  two  ratios  is  a  proportion.1 
Thus,  the  ratios  -|and  ^  are  equal  and  the  statement  -|=:-1-|  (or 
as  it  is  commonly  written  5  :  6  ::  10  :  12)  is  a  proportion.  The 
fractional  form  is  more  convenient  for  computation. 

There  are  four  terms  in  a  proportion.  The  first  and  third 
terms  are  the  numerators  of  the  fractions;  the  second  and  fourth 
terms  are  the  denominators.  The  first  and  last  terms  (5  and  12) 
are  called  the  extremes;  the  second  and  third  (6  and  10)  are 
called  the  means. 

In  a  proportion  the  product  of  the  means  is  equal  to  the 
product  of  the  extremes. 

EXERCISE  III    , 

Problem.  —  Find  the  value  of  the  term  represented  by  a  letter  in  the 
proportion 

8     =  12 
10  ~~  x 

Multiplying  both  members  of  the  equation  by  Wx, 

Sx  =  120 
Dividing  both  members  of  the  equation  by  8, 

o?  =  15. 
Proof: 

8_=  12 

10        15 


^ 

*The  fractional  form  of  the  proportion  is  used  throughout  the  text. 
The  other  is  given  because  of  its  importance  in  the  history  of  mathematics, 


256  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Find  the  value  of  the  term  represented  by  a  letter  in  each  of  the 
following  proportions : 


2.     8_  =  40  6.     4_       _  5 

9  "   x  11       =  * 

3-  !§  =  I*  7.    3.5         .013 
27  ~~  «  T"         ~T 

4-  1?  =  A  8.       3      =  7.1 

10  *  48.3  ~"    * 

EXERCISE  IV 

Problem. — If  8  yards  of  silk  cost  $12,  how  much  will  13  yards  cost  at 
the  same  rate? 

8  yards  _  12  dollars 
13  yards  ~~      x  dollars 

That  is  ^  =  - 

lo  X 

8x=l56 
x  =  $  19.50. 
That  is,  13  yards  of  silk  cost  $19.50. 

Rules  for  Forming  a  Proportion 

(a)  The  two  terms  of  each  ratio  must  be  like  quantities,  e.g.,  in 
the  illustrative  problem,  each  term  of  the  first  ratio  is  a  number  of 
yards,  of  the  second,  a  number  of  dollars. 

(6)  The  two  numerators  and  the  two  denominators  must  be  cor- 
responding quantities;  that  is,  the  value  of  one  numerator  must 
depend  upon  the  value  of  the  other  numerator.  For  example,  in  the 
illustrative  problem,  the  value  of  the  second  numerator,  $12,  depends 
upon  the  number  of  yards  purchased,  or  8  yards,  and  the  value  of  the 
second  denominator,  x  dollars,  depends  upon  the  number  of  yards 
purchased,  or  13  yards. 

Solve  the  Following  Problems  "by  Proportion 

1.  If  5  yards  of  velvet  cost  $24.25,  find  the  cost  of  3  yards. 

2.  If  3  Ibs.  of  dried  beef  cost  $1.35,  how  many  pounds  can  be 
bought  for  $1  ? 

3.  A  man  at  moderately  active  work,  who  weighs  154  pounds, 
requires  3400   Calories    (heat  units)    of  food  per  day.     At  this 


APPENDIX  257 

rate,  how  many  Calories  would  be  required  by  a  man  who  weighs 
185  pounds? 

4.  If  eggs  cost  45  cents  a  dozen,  find  the  cost  of  eggs  for  a 
family  which  uses  5  for  breakfast  ? 

5.  New  potatoes  cost  45  cents  per  4  quarts.    At  this  rate,  find  the 
cost  per  peck. 

6.  After  the  cream  has  been  removed  from  a  quart  of  whole 
milk,  .9  of  a  quart  of  skimmed-milk  is  left.     If  this  amount  of 
skimmed-milk  is  worth  $.064,  what  is  it  worth  per  quart  ? 

7.  On  an  annual  income  of  $1800,  $350  is  set  aside  for  rent. 
At  the  same  rate,  how  much  should  be  set  aside  from  an  income 
of  $2100? 

8.  In  a  drawing,  the  lines  representing  the  length  and  width 
of  a  room  are  l1^"  and  1"  respectively.    If  the  room  is  38  feet  long, 
how  wide  is  it  ? 

9.  Four  girls  went  to  different  stores  and  bought  5  cents  worth 
of  40-cent  butter,  weighed  the  amounts  on  the  scales  at  school  and 
found  that  they  had  been  given  iy2,  oz.,  114  oz.,  1%  oz.,  and 
21/^  oz.,  respectively.     In  each  case,  find  the  cost  of  a  pound  at  the 
same  rate.    Why  should  the  grocer  charge  a  higher  rate  for  small 
quantities  ? 


17 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Bibliography  of  Education  in  Agriculture  and  Home  Economics.  Bulletin 
No.  12,  1912,  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Education.  Government  Printing  Office, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Brief  Outline  of  Family  Allotments^  Compensation  Insurance  for  Military 
and  Naval  Forces  of  U.  S.  Bulletins  No.  2  and  No.  3,  and  No.  4,  Treas- 
ury Department,  Bureau  of  War  Risk  Insurance,  Division  of  Military 
and  Naval  Insurance. 

The  Business  of  the  Household.  C.  W.  Taber.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company, 
Philadelphia. 

Chances  of  Death  and  the  Ministry  of  Health.  Frederick  L.  Hoffmann, 
LL.D.  Prudential  Insurance  Company,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Chemical  Composition  of  American  Food  Materials.  Bulletin  No.  28,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  W.  O.  Atwater  and  A.  P.  Bryant.  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Chemistry  of  Food  and  Nutrition.  Henry  C.  Sherman.  The  Macmillan 
Company,  New  York. 

City  Planning.     John  Nolan.     D.  Appleton  and  Company,  New  York. 

Clothing — Choice,  Care,  Cost.  Mary  Schenck  Woolman.  J.  B.  Lippincott 
Company. 

Clothing  and  Health.  Helen  Kinne  and  Anna  M.  Cooley.  The  Macmillan 
Company,  New  York. 

Clothing  for  Women.  Laura  I.  Baldt.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Conservation  of  Life.  Public  Safety  Commission,  Chicago  and  Cook  County, 
10  South  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago*. 

The  Cost  of  Cleanness.  Ellen  H.  Richards.  John  Wiley  and  Sons,  New 
York. 

The  Cost  of  Food.  Ellen  H.  Richards.  John  F.  Norton.  John  Wiley  and 
Sons,  Inc.,  New  York. 

The  Cost  of  Health  Supervision  in  Industry.  Magnus  W.  Alexander.  Com- 
piled for  the  Conference  Board  of  Physicians  in  Industrial  Practice, 
Aug.,  1917,  West  Lynn,  Mass. 

The  Cost  of  Living.    Ellen  H.  Richards.    John  Wiley  and  Sons,  New  York. 

The  Cost  of  Shelter.     Ellen  H.  Richards.    John  Wiley  and  Sons,  New  York. 

Detroit  Recreation  Survey.     Compiled  by  Detroit  Board  of  Commerce. 

Distribution  of  Each  Dollar  in  Taxes  in  Minneapolis.  H.  A.  Stuart  and 
Dan  C.  Brown. 

Education  Through  Recreation.  George  E.  Johnson.  Cleveland  Foundation 
Survey  Committee.  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  New  York. 

Electric  Cooking,  Heating  and  Cleaning.  Maud  Lancaster.  D.  Van  Nos- 
trand  &  Company,  New  York. 

Family  Expense  Account.  Thirmuthis  A.  Brookman.  D.  C.  Heath  and 
Company,  Boston. 

Family  Food  Tables.  Frank  A.  Rexford.  Educational  Equipment  Com- 
pany, New  York. 

Feeding  the  Family.  Mary  Swartz  Rose.  The  Macmillan  Company,  New 
York. 

Financing  the  Wage-Earners'  Family.  Scott  Nearing.  B.  W.  Huebsch,  N.  Y. 

261 


262  HOUSEHOLD  ARITHMETIC 

Food  and  Diet.  A  Price  List  of  Public  Documents  Relating  to  Food  and 
Diet,  issued  by  Scientific  Bureau  of  the  United  States  Government. 
Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Food  and  Health.  Helen  Kinne  and  Anna  M.  Cooley.  The  Macmillan 
Company,  New  York. 

Foods  and  Household  Management.  Helen  Kinne  and  Anna  M.  Cooley. 
The  Macmillan  Company,  New  York. 

Food,  Fuel  for  the  Human  Machine.  Life  Extension  Institute,  No.  25 
West  45th  St.,  New  York. 

Food  Value.  Practical  Methods  in  Diet  Calculations.  Irving  Fisher. 
American  School  of  Home  Economics,  Chicago. 

Food  Values  in  Household  Measures.     Franklin  W.  White,  Boston. 

The  Fundamental  Basis  of  Nutrition.  Graham  Lusk.  Yale  University 
Press,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

General  Statistics  for  Cities,  1016.     U.  S.  Census. 

(Jet  Your  Money's  Worth.  Key  to  Economy.  Department  of  Weights  and 
Measures,  Newark,  N.  J. 

Government  Aid  to  Home  Owning  and  Housing  of  Working  People  in 
Foreign  Communities.  Bulletin  No.  158,  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  Oct.  15,  1914. 

Handy  Guide  to  Premium  Rates  of  American  Life  Insurance  Companies.  The 
Spectator  Company,  No.  135  William  St.,  New  York. 

Health  Insurance.  B.  S.  Warren  and  Edgar  Sydenstricker,  Treasury  De- 
partment, U.  S.  Public  Health  Service,  Bulletin  No.  76,  March,  1916. 

Home  and  Community  Hygiene.  Jean  Broadhurst.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Com- 
pany, Philadelphia. 

Household  Accounts.  Edith  C.  Fleming.  Department  of  Home  Economics, 
New  York  College  of  Agriculture,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Household  Accounts  and  Economics.  William  A.  Schaeffer.  The  Macmillan 
Company,  New  York. 

Household  Management.  Bertha  M.  Terrill.  American  School  of  Home 
Economics,  Chicago. 

Household  Science  and  Arts.  Josephine  Morris.  American  Book  Company, 
New  York. 

Housewifery.     L.  Ray  Balderston.     J.  B.  Lippincott  Company,  Philadelphia. 

Housing  Problems  in  America.  Proceedings  of  the  National  Housing  Asso- 
ciation. University  Press,  Cambridge,  Mass.  1913,  1916,  1917. 

How  to  Select  Foods.  Farmers'  Bulletin  808.  Caroline  L.  Hunt  and  Helen 
W.  Atwater,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Increasing  Home  Efficiency.  Martha  Bensley  Bru£re  and  Robert  W.  Bruere. 
The  Macmillan  Company,  New  York. 

Industrial  Arithmetic.  Mary  L.  Gardner  and  Cleo  Murtland.  D.  C.  Heath 
&  Company,  Boston. 

Infant  Mortality  Series.  Bureau  Publication.  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor 
Children's  Bureau,  Washington,  D.  C. 

A  Laboratory  Manual  for  Dietetics.  Mary  Swartz  Rose.  The  Macmillan 
Co.,  New  York. 

Lessons  in  Proper  Feeding  of  the  Family.  Winnifred  S.  Gibbs.  N.  Y. 
Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor,  New  York. 

Manual  of  Home  Making.  Martha  Van  Rensselaer.  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany, New  York. 

Measurements  for  the  Household.  Circular  of  the  Bureau  of  Standards. 
No.  55.  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Money  Value  of  an  Education.  Bulletin  No.  22,  1917.  Department  of  the 
Interior.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Education.  By  A.  Caswcll  Ellis. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  '263 

Nutrition  and  Diet.     Emma  Conley.     American  Book  Company,  New  York. 

A  One-Portion  Food  Table.  Frank  A.  Rexford.  Educational  Equipment 
Company,  New  York. 

Principles  of  Human  Nutrition  and  Nutritive  Value  of  Food.  Farmers' 
Bulletin  No.  142.  W.  0.  Atwater.  Government  Printing  Office,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Record  Book  for  Measured  Feeding.  Wm.  R.  P.  Emerson.  F.  H.  Thomas 
Company,  Boston. 

Recreation  Budget  for  1917.  Compiled  by  the  Playground  and  Recreation 
Association  of  America. 

Report  of  the  Extension  Department  of  Milwaukee  Public  Schools  for  1918. 

Report  of  the  Board  of  Park  Commissioners  of  Minneapolis  for  1917. 

Report  on  Condition  of  Women  and  Children  Wage  Earners  in  the  United 
States,  vol.  xvi.  Family  Budgets  of  Typical  Cotton  Workers.  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office,  1911. 

Retail  Prices.  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  Government  Printing  Office, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Rural  Arithmetic.     John  E.  Calfee.     Ginn  &  Company,  New  York. 

School  Lunches.  Farmers'  Bulletin  712.  Caroline  L.  Hunt  and  Mabel 
Wood.  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Shelter  and  Clothing.  Helen  Kinne  and  Anna  M.  Cooley.  The  Macmillan 
Company,  New  York. 

Sickness  Insurance.  B.  B.  Warren.  U.  S.  Public  Health  Service.  Reprint 
from  250,  Public  Health  Reports.  January  8,  1915. 

A  Sickness  Survey  of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Leo  K.  Frankel.  Metropoli- 
tan Life  Insurance,  New  York,  1916. 

The  Standard  of  Living  Among  the  Industrial  People  of  America.  Frank 
Hatch  Streightoff.  Houghton  Mifflin  Company,  Riverside  Press,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass,  1911. 

Standard  of  Living  in  New  York  City.  R.  C.  Chapin.  Russell  Sage  Foun- 
dation, New  York. 

Student's  Accounts.  Edith  C.  Fleming.  Department  of  Home  Economics, 
Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Successful  Canning  and  Preserving.  O.  Powell.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company, 
Philadelphia. 

A  Survey  of  Your  Household  Finances.  Technical  Education  Bulletin  No. 
26.  Benjamin  R.  Andrews.  Teachers  College,  New  York  City. 

Tables  of  Interest.  O.  M.  Beach.  E.  J.  Hall  Publishing  Co.,  10  Cedar 
Street,  New  York. 

A  Textbook  of  Cooking.  Carlotta  C.  Greer.    Allyn  &  Racon,  New  York. 

Textiles.  Mary  Schenck  Woolman  and  Ellen  Beers  McGowan.  The  Mac- 
millan Company,  New  York. 

Thrift  by  Household  Accounting.  American  Home  Economics  Association, 
Baltimore,  Md. 

Vital  and  Monetary  Losses  Due  to  Preventable  Deaths.  C.  H.  Forsyth. 
Dissertation  for  Ph.D.,  University  of  Michigan. 

Vocational  Mathematics  for  Girls.  William  H.  Dooley.  D.  C.  Heath  & 
Company,  Boston. 

Wage  Earners'  Budgets.  Louise  Boland  More.  Henry  Holt  and  Co.,  New 
York. 

Wealth  and  Income  of  the  People  of  the  United  States.  Wilfred  I.  King. 
The  Macmillan  Company,  New  York. 

Wisconsin  Income  Tax  Law  with  Explanatory  Notes.  Dec.,  1917.  Wiscon- 
son  Income  Tax  Commission,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 


INDEX 


Accounts, 

chapter    on,    30jf,    classified,    see 
Journal-ledger  accounts 

personal,  39-42 

summary  sheet  of,  36-39 

see  Cash  accounts 
Advancement, 

see  Higher  life 

Amortization,  220,  222-225,  226 
Annuities,  218/ 
Apron,  96 
Ash  constituents  of  foods, 

table  of,  163 

tableof  percentage  of,infoods,  I75ff 

see  also  Minerals 


fuel  value  of,  138 
Bedding,  63-71 

depreciation  in  value  of,  62,  71 

length  of  sheets  and  pillow  cases,  64- 
65 

ready-made  versus  home-made,  63- 
68 

sales  of,  63,  67 
Beneficence,  235jf 

definition  of,  in  budget,  193 

plans  for  raising  money,  236,  237 
Benevolence,  see  Beneficence 
Bias, 

amount  of   material  required  for, 
113-115 

corner  of  material  used  for,  110,  111 

full-length,  108,  109,  111,  112 

illustrations  of,  108,  110,  111,  113, 
114 

width  along  the,  109, 113 

width  through  the,  109 
Bibliography,  261 

fuel  value  of,  158 
Bonds,  209JF,  215,  219 
accrued  interest  on,  210 
definition  of,  209 
market  value  of,  210 
names  of,  209 
U.S.  Liberty,  210,211,212 


Borrowing, 

chapter  on,  228jf 

education,  to  pay  for,  206,  216,  240, 
241 

home,  to  pay  for,  219jf 

Morris  Plan  Co.,  228,  229 

see  also  Amortization,  Bonds,  Build- 
ing and  Loan, 

Federal  farm  loan,  Mortgage 
Brokerage,  208 
Budgets, 

chapter  on,  14^" 

actual,  15-18,  20-22,  38,  41,  195- 
196 

clothing,  89,  92 

definition  of,  13,  14 

divisions,  14,  15 

family,  13 

food,  128-130,  142-143 

higher  life,  193^ 

household  service,  84,  85 

making  of,  19jf 

operation,  61-62 

personal,  18,  41,  42 

recreation,  245,  248-250 

"Suggested  Budgets, "  by  Ellen  H. 
Richards,  19 

theoretical,  14,  19 

Building  and  loan  associations,  203jf, 
209,  211,  212,  216,217,  226-227, 
229 

dues  in,  203 

value  of  shares  in,  203 

Calcimining,  53 

Calcium,  125,  126,  129,  162-166 

illustration  of  foods  containing,  162 

requirement  per  day,  163 

table  of  percentage  of,  in  foods,  163 
Calories,  119,  135-139, 167-168 

100-Calorie  portion,  136,  138,  143, 
144-146,  179jf 

cost  of,  139-144,  160-161 

definition  of,  130 

number  of,  in  dietaries,  146^, 

per  pound  in  foods,  175,/f 

required,  per  individual,  130-134 

265 


266 


INDEX 


Carbohydrates,  124 

fuel  value  of,  167-169,  170 

fuel  value  per  gram  and  per  ounce, 
167 

table  of  percentage  of,  in  foods, 

175jf 
Cash  accounts, 

balance,  30,  31 

definition  of,  30 

directions  for  keeping,  30 

examples  of,  31-34 
Cereals, 

budget  allowance  for,  129 

100-Calorie  portion  of,  144 

daily  requirement,  126 

fuel  value  of,  137 

value  of,  in  diet,  124-126 
Charts, 

see  Graphs. 
Chemise,  96 
Classified  accounts, 

see  Journal-ledger  accounts. 
Cleanness, 

cost  of,  83,  84 
Clothing, 

bias  trimming,  WSff 

cost  of,  90-96,  99,  100,  102,  115 
116 

definition  of,  in  budget,  15 

economy  in,  92-96,  115,  116 

example  of  budget  for,  91-92 

family  budgets,  19,  89-91 

personal  budgets,  89-92,  115,  116 

ready-made  versus  home-made,  93- 
96,  115,  116 

ruffles,  104,  105-108,  114 

skirts,  96-98 

tucks,  102-105,  106,  107,  108 

waists,  98-102 

see  also  Garments. 
Concrete  work,  53 
Corn-syrup, 
fuel  value  of,  138 
Corporation,  definition  of,  206 
Curtains,  63-71,  108 

depreciation  of,  62,  63 

illustrations  showing  materials  for, 
70 

Death-rate,  230-234 
Depreciation, 

automobile,  48 

furnishings,  62,  63,  71 

houses,  46,  48,  49-50 


Dietaries, 

chapter  on,  146jf 

calculating  fuel-value  of,  148jf,  170 

examples  of,  127-128,  157-160 

form  for  calculating  fuel  value  of, 
150,  152 

general  directions  for  planning,  126 

minimum,  159 

planning  of,  126/,  166 

principles  of,  I24ff 
Drawing  to  scale, 

see  Working  plans. 
Dressmaking,  115,  116 

chapter  on,  93j(f 

see  alsd  Clothing  garments 

Economy, 

clothing,  28,  92,  93-96,  115,  116 

electricity,  81-82 

floor-coverings,  72-74 

food,  27-30,  122,  123,  139-144,  159 
161 

gas,  77-78 

household  furnishings,  63-67 

housework,  83,  84 

per  cent,  of  increase,  28-30 

per  cent,   of  saving,  26,  28 

purchasing,  26ff 

wages  paid  for  service,  85 
Education,  206,  216,  229 

chapter  on,  237 ff 

cost  of,  240-241 

definition  of,  in  budget,  193 
Electricity, 

appliances  using,  81 

chapter  on,  78^ 

economy  in  using,  81,  82 

kilowatt-hours,  78-82 

lights,  81-82 

meter  for,  78-80 

rate  for,  78-82 

watts  of,  78,  80,  81 
.  Equations, 

axioms,  254 

chapter  on,  253^ 
Exercise, 

see  Work. 
Extremes,  255 

Farm  loan, 

see  Federal  farm  loan. 
Fats, 

budget  allowance  for,  129 

100-Calorie  portion,  136 


INDEX 


267 


Fats,  daily  requirement,  126 

fuel  value  of,  167-169,  170 

fuel  value  per  gram  and  per  ounce, 
167 

table  of  percentage  of,  in  foods, 
175jf 

value  of,  in  diet,  124-126 
Fat-Soluble  A, 

see  Vitamines. 

Federal  farm  loan,  220,  223,  224,  225 
Floor-coverings, 

chapter  on,  72ff 

carpeting,  72-73 

linoleum,  73-74 

matting,  72-73 
Flooring, 

chapter  on,  54jf 

cost  of  laying,  56 

linoleum  versus,  74 
Foods, 

body-building  function  of,  125-126, 
130jf 

budgets,  19,  128-130,  142-144 

calculation   of   fuel   value    of,   by 
grams,  170 

100-Calorie  portion  of,   136,   138, 
143,  144jf,  I79ff 

100-Calorie     portion   of     (table), 


chemical  composition  of  137,  162 

166,  166/,  175jf 
cost  of,  122,  123,  127,  129,  130,  138- 

139,  139jf  ,  159-161,  166,  184ff 
form  for  calculation  of  fuel  value 

of,  168 
fuel  value  of,  125-126,  130#,  136jf, 

167jf,  175jf 

groups  of,  126,  129,  141 
minerals  in,  125-126,  162ff 
price  list  of,  I84ff 
substitutions,  160$" 
weight  of  common  measures  of,  188 
see  also  Dietaries,  Economy  (food), 

Marketing,  Recipes,  Weights  and 

measures. 
Fruits, 

budget  allowance  for,  129 
100-Calorie  portions  of,  138 
daily  requirement,  126 
minerals  in,  125,  126,  162-164 
value  of,  in  diet,  125-126 
vitamines  in,  125,  126,  130 
Fuel,  75 

bodily  use  of,  124,  126,  130-134 


Fuel,  cost  of  foods  as  sources  of,  139jf 

electricity,  78-81 

gas,  75-78 

value  of  foods,  13Qff ,  167$' 

value  of  foods  per  pound,  table  of, 
175jf 

see  also  Calories. 
Furnishings, 

depreciation  in  the  value  of,  62,  63, 
71 

insurance  of  62-63 

inventory  of,  63 

linen,  bedding  and  curtains,  62, 63ff 

taxes,  62 

Garments, 

amount  of  material  for,  93^,  QQff 

trimming  for,  102$' 

see  also  Clothing. 
Gas, 

chapter  on,  75$" 

appliances  using,  77-78 

economy  in  use  of,  77,  78 

electricity  versus,  81,  82 

lights,  77-78 

meter  for,  75-76 

rate  for,  75,  76 
Graphs, 

charts,  24,  25, 135, 165,  231,  238 

income,  23$" 

increase  and  decrease  in  prices,  29- 
30,  116 

introduction  to,  23-25 

one  variable,  23-24,  78,  81,  82,  116, 
140,  142,  165-166,  167,  231-233, 
238,  239,  247,  248,  249,  250 

two  variables,  233-234 

unit,  23,  24,  25 

Health, 

chapter  on,  230$* 
definition  of,  in  oudget,  193 
expenditures  for,  18 
.  graphic  representation  of,  231  ff 
insurance  for,  232,  234-235 
Hems,  98 
Higher  life, 

budget  for,  19,  193$ 
definition  of,  in  budget,  15 
score  card  for,  193 
see    also    Beneficence,    Education, 
Health,  Investments,  Recreation, 
Savings. 


268 


INDEX 


Home, 

borrowing  money  to  pay  for,  219- 
221,222j7 

buying  a,  219/ 

expense  of  owning,  20, 46, 4Qff,  227 

value  of  in  relation  to  income,  221 
Hominy, 

fuel  value  of,  161 
Housing  associations,  225-227 

Incomes, 

annual,  13^ 

budget  divisions  of,  14-22 

distribution  of,  in  U.  S.,  22,  23,  24, 
26 

graphic  representation  of,  23ff 

housework,  value  as,  82-84 

relation  of,  to  value  of  a  home,  221 

United  States,  22jf 
Incidentals, 

budgets  for,  15 

definition  of,  in  budget,  193 
Increase  in  cost  of  living,  28-30,  116 
Installment  plan, 

furniture,  buying,  229 

home,  buying  a,  220-227 
Insurance, 

accident,  234-235 

beneficiary,  213 

definition  of,  48 

endowment  policy,  213,  214,  215, 
216,  217,  240 

face  value  of  policy  defined,  48 

fire,  46,  48ff,  49,  50,  62,  63,  223 

government,  217-218,  234,  235 

legal  reserve,  213 

life,  199,  212jf,  227 

limited  payment  life  policy,  213, 
214,  215 

mutual.  213 

policy  lor,  48 

premium  for,  48,  213 

rate  for,  48 

sickness,  234-235 

soldiers,  217-18 

table  of  rates,  214 

term  policy,  213,  217,  218 

whole  life  policy,  213,  214,  215,  216, 

227 
Interest  on  money 

compound,  196^,  215 

expense  of  owning  a  home,  49-50 

investments,  196jf 

tables,  compound,  196, 197 


Inventory  of  household  furnishings,  63 
Investment,  196jf 

see    also    Annuities,    Bonds,    Life 

insurance,  Property,  Stocks. 
Iron,  126,  162-166 

illustration  of  foods  containing,  162, 

165 

requirement  per  day,  163 
table   of  percentage   of,  in  foods, 
163 

Journal-ledger  accounts, 
definition  of,  34 
directions  for  keeping,  34 
example,  35 
personal,  39-42 
summary  sheet,  36-39 

Kilogram,  130,  133,  134 
Kilowatt-hours,  78-82 

Lard, 

chemical  composition  of,  169 
Lathing,  53 

Liberty  bonds,  210,  211,  212 
Life  insurance,  212 ff 
Linen,  63-71 

depreciation  in  value  of,  71 

illustrations  showing  table,  69 

illustrations  showing  toweling,  64, 
66,  67 

length  01  towels,  64,  65 

ready-made  versus  home-made,  65 

sales  of,  63 

table,  68,  69,  71 

Marketing 

chapter  on,  122^ 
Meals, 

see  Dietaries. 
Means,  255 
Measurements, 

rules  for,  with  yardstick  or  tape, 

50-51 
Menus, 

examples  of,  I51ff,  164,  173-174 

planning  of,  IQOff,  166 

see  also  Dietaries. 
Metric  system,  119,  133,  134,  169 

equivalent  measures,  190 

table  of,  189jf 
Middy  blouses,  102 
Milk, 

budget  allowance  for,  129 

calcium  in,  125, 162, 163 


INDEX 


269 


Milk,children,  for  growth  of,  125 

minerals  in,  125,  126,  163 

protein  in,  124,  126,  146 

vitamines  in,  125, 126,  130 

weight  of,  120,  186,  188 
Minerals  in  foods,  124,  125,  129,  162j? 

see  also  Ash  constituents,  Calcium, 

Iron. 

Morris  Plan  Company,  228,  229 
Mortgage,  219-221,  222-227 

amortization,  definition  of,  220 

amortization  table,  222 

Nightgown,  96,  98 

Oil,  Salad, 

fuel  value  of,  142 
Oleomargarine , 

fuel  value  of,  141 
Olive  oil, 

chemical  composition  of,  169 
Operation, 

chapter  on,  61$" 

budgets,  19,  61-62 

definition  of,  in  budget,  15,  61 

see  also  Bedding,  Curtains,  Elec- 
tricity,   Floor  -  coverings,     Gas, 
Linens,  Service. 
Orange  juice, 

fuel  value  of,  157 

Painting, 

chapter  on,  54 
Papering, 

chapter  on,  5&ff 

samples  of  wall-paper,  57 
Per  cent,  of  increase,  28-30, 116 

definition  of,  28 
Per  cent,  of  saving,  27-28 

clothing,  92 

definition  of,  27 

food,  122,  123,  143-144 

sheeting,  68 
Petticoats,  96,  98 
Phosphorus,  162-166 

requirement  per  day,  163 

table  of  percentage  of,  in  foods,  163 
Pillow-cases 

see  Bedding. 
Plastering,  53 
Play  census,  246 
Price  list,  184jf 
Property,  219# 
Proportion,  255ff 

rules  for  forming,  256 


Protein,  124,  146,  148,  167,  168 

Calories  yielded    by,    147ff,  167jf, 

179JF 
fuel  value  per  gram  and  per  ounce, 

167 
table  of  percentage  of,  in  foods, 


Prunes, 

chemical  composition  of,  172 
fuel  value  of,  141 

Ratio,  255 

Recipes,  121,  122,  138,  172-173,  183 

altered,  121,  122 

form  for  calculation  of  fuel  value  of, 
171 

fuel-value  of,  138,  170jf 
Recreation, 

chapter  on,  241  ff 

budget,  245,  247,  248,  249 

cost  9f  ,  242JF 

definition  of,  in  budget,  193 

equipment  for  sports,  242,  245 

parks,  248,  250 

taxes  for,  248-250 
Refuse  in  foods,  123,  167 

table  of  percentage  of,  in  foods,  I75ff 
Rent, 

budgets,  19,  20 

estimates  for,  45,  46 

improvements  in  relation  to,  46 

owning  a  home  versus,  50 

rules  for  estimating  cost  of  repairs, 

45,  46 
Repairs, 

chapter  on,  52ff 

calcimining,  53 

expense  of  owning  home,  49,  50 

flooring,  54ff 

general,  45,  46 

lathing,  plastering    and    concrete 
work,  53 

painting,  54 

papering,  54ff 

rules  for  estimating  cost  of,  45,  46 

working  plans  for,  5Qff 
Richards,  Ellen  H. 

"Suggested  Budgets,"  by,  19 
Ruffles,  104,  105-108,  114 

Savings, 

chapter  on,  IQQff 

bank,  198,  200jf,  204,  205,  209,  211, 
212 


270 


INDEX 


Savings,  expenditure  for,  15-18          * 

postal,  199/ 

see  also  Building  and  Loan  Associ- 
ation, Investments. 
Service, 

chapter  on,  82 ff 

budget  allowance  for,  84-85 
Sheets, 

see  Bedding. 
Shelter, 

cost  of,  45ff 

definition  of,  in  budget,  15 

see  also  Flooring,  Home,  Insurance 
(fire),    Painting,    Papering,    Re- 
pairs, Taxes. 
Sickness, 

cost  of,  234-235 

insurance  for,  234jf 

payment  for,  229 

statistics,  230,  233,  234 
Skirts,  96-98 
Standard  portion, 

definition  of,  144, 

see  100-Calorie  portion. 
Statistics, 

budgets  for  cities,  247-250 

budgets  for  families,  15-18 

cost  of  living,  39 

graphic  representation  of,   23-26, 
231-234 

income,  22,  23,  24,  26 

play,  246 

population  and  area  of  cities,  249 

recreation  budgets  for  cities,  247- 
250 

sickness,  230,  232-234 

vital,  231-234 

wage,  239 
Stocks,  206#,  211 

brokerage,  208 

common,  207 

definition  of,  206 

dividends,  definition  of,  206 

market  value  of,  207 

par  value  of,  207 

preferred,  207 

quotations  for,  207 

Tables, 

amortization,  222 

ash  constituents  of  foods,  163 

average    composition    of    common 

American  food  products,  175$" 
budget  allowance  for  clothing,  89 


Tables,  100-Calorie  portions  of  com- 
mon foods,  179Jf 

compound  interest,  196,  197 

division  of  family  income  by  per- 
centages, 19 

electricity    consumed    in   different 
appliances,  81 

equipment  for  sports,  242,  243 

food  budgets,  129 

food  groups  and  directions  for  plan- 
ning meals,  126 

fuel  requirements,  131 

fuel  value  of  food  materials  (gra- 
phic), 135 

fuel  value    of    foods    per   pound, 
175^ 

gas  used  in  different  types  of  burn- 
ers, 77 

life  insurance  rates,  214 

price  list,  184j£f 

weight  of  common  measures  of  food 
materials,  188 

weights  and  measures,  120,  184jf 
Taxes, 

assessment  of,  46-47,  48 

expense  of  owning  a  home,  49,  50 

parks  and  playgrounds,  248-250 

personal  property,  62 

rate  of,  47,  48 

rental  in  relation  to  45,  46 
Thrift, 

see  Economy. 
Towels, 

see  Linen. 
Tucks,  102-105,  106,  107,  108 

illustrations  of,  103,  104 

receiving,  102-105 

Vegetables, 

budget  allowance  for,  129 
100-Calorie. portions  of,  143 
daily  requirement,  126 
minerals  in,  125,  126,  162-164 
value  of,  in  diet,  12 
vitamines  in,  125, 126, 130 

Vegetarian,  161 

Vital  statistics,  230-234 

Vitamines,  125,  126, 129, 130 

Wages,  13,  14,  24,  234,  235 

in  relation  to  education,  239-240 
loss  of,  due  to  sickness,  234-235 
service  rendered  for,  61,  62,  84,  85 

Waists,  98-102 


INDEX 


271 


War  Savhig  Stamps,  198 
Waste,  55 
Water-Soluble  B, 

see  Vitamines. 
Watts,  78-81 
Weight, 

children,  134 

men,  134 

women,  134 
Weights, 

conversion  of  metric  system  to 
English  system  and  vice  versa, 
133,  134,  169 

see  also  Weights  and  measures. 
Weights  and  measures, 

chapter  on,  119jf 


Weights  and  measures,  abbreviations 
for,  120 

English  system  of,  119,  189jf 

equivalents,  120, 184^,  190 

food  materials,  table  of,  120,  184/, 
188 

metric  system  of,  119,  189ff 

table  of,  120,  189^ 
Work  (bodily),  126,  131, 132 

degrees  of,  132 
Workage,  55 
Working  plans, 

drawing  to  scale  and  reading  of  ,50^" 

example  of,  52 

notation  for,  51 

rules  for  measurements  for,  50-51 


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